Chapter 15 Textbook Terms

Amotivation

Lack of any motivation; present when a person does not see any relationship between outcomes and actions

Anxiety

An emotional response to perceived threat; can involve cognitive concerns or physiological reactions

Arousal

A general state of activation or excitability

Autonomous

Engaging in a task by free will, without external influence from others; autonomy is one of three basic needs according to self-determination

Competent

Having the ability to realize success in a domain; competence is one of three basic needs according to self-determination theory

Emotional Display Rules

Socially defined circumstances in which emotions should or should not be expressed

Emulation

The adoption of a model’s style of skill rather than imitating an exact response; Zimmerman’s second level in the development of self-regulation

Extrinsically Motivated Behaviors

Behaviors engaged in as a means to an end and not for their own sake

Forethought

The phase of Zimmerman’s cyclical model of self-regulation that involves planning an action; it consists of task analysis and self-motivation beliefs

Intrinsically Motivated Behaviors

Behaviors that provide pleasure and satisfaction from participation in the absence of material rewards or constraints

Non-Self-Determined Extrinsic Motivation

Motivation toward a behavior based on avoiding immediate negative consequences

Observation

Witnessing the skills of peers or older children or hearing about them from others; Zimmerman’s first level in the development of self-regulation

Performance Control

The phase in Zimmerman’s cyclical model of self-regulation that involves self-control and self-observation

Relatedness

Being connected with other people; one of three basic needs in self-determination theory

Self-Control

The use of personal strategies as a planned and self-monitored process; Zimmerman’s third level in the development of self-regulation

Self-Determination

A theory of motivation proposing that the basic needs of competence, autonomy, and relatedness drive people to action

Self-Determined Extrinsic Motivation

Motivation based on extrinsic rewards

Self-Efficacy

(a) The belief in personal capabilities to successfully execute the action required to achieve identified goals. (b) The belief that one can successfully perform a desired behavior given various instrumental barriers

Self-Esteem

A self-evaluation of competency, successfulness, and worthiness

Self-Motivation Beliefs

The perceived value of an activity, the degree of intrinsic interest in the activity, the degree of self-efficacy or the belief in the ability to achieve the goal, and the expectation of the outcome or the awareness of the benefits that will occur if the goal is attained

Self-Observation

The process that guides personal progress toward a goal, particularly self-recording

Self-Reflection

The phase of Zimmerman’s cyclical model of self-regulation that involves reflecting on the success of an action; it consists of self-judgement and self-reaction

Self-Regulation

(a) “self-generated thoughts, feelings, and actions that are planned and cyclically adapted to the attainment of personal goals” (Zimmerman, 2000, p. 14) or informally, the ability to practice and play without formal instruction. (b) A complex process whereby athletes or exercisers engage in voluntary goal-directed behaviors overtime and context by initiating, monitoring, sustaining, and achieving certain thoughts, feelings, and behaviors (Weiss 2004, p. 385).

Social Cognitive Theory

A theory asserting that self-efficacy determines (a) whether someone is even going to attempt a task, (b) how persistent the person will be amid challenges, and ( c ) the outcome (either successful maintenance of an exercise program or failure to adhere to the program).

Task Analysis

The process of setting personal goals for achievement and creating general strategies for achieving those goals

Volitional Control

A phase of Zimmerman’s cyclical model of self-regulation; includes self-regulation strategies such as self-control and self-observation that can be applied during learning or performance