pronouns, tenses, modals, subjunctive

I

We

You

He/she/it

They

Subjective pronouns

Me

Us

You

Him/her/it

Them

Objective pronouns

My

Our

Your

His/hers/its

Their

Possessive pronouns

Who

Used for subjects and subject complements (performs the action)

Whom

Used for subjects (recieves the action)

Whose

Is a possessive

Who

Is used for people, sometimes for animals

Which

Refers to things; user most refer for non-essential clause (adds extra info but can be removed from a sentence without disturbing the meaning)

That

Generally refers to things, but may be used to refer to a group or class of people; used most often for essential clauses (appears after a noun and is essential in the sentence to complete the meaning)

Simple

Progressive

Perfect

Perfect progressive

4 types of tenses for past, present, and future

Simple present

Present action or condition

General

Habitual action

Future time

Literary or timeless truth

Present progressive

Activity in progress, not finished, or continued

Form: is or are + -ing form of the berb

Present perfect

Action that began in the past and leads up to and includes the present

Habitual or continued action started in the past and continuing into the present

Form: have or has + past participle of the verb

Present perfect progressive

Action that began in the past, continues in the present, and may continue into the future

Simple past

Completed action

Completed condition

Past progressive

Past action that took place over a period of time

Past action that was interrupted by another action

Past perfect

Action or event completed before another event in the past

Form: had + -ing form of the verb

Past perfect progressive

Ongoing condition in the past that has ended

Form: had + -ing form of the verb

Simple future

Action or events in the future

Shall or will + base form of the verb

Future progressive

Future action that will continue for sometime

Form: will or shall be + -ing form of the verb

Future perfect

Actions that will be completed before a specified time in the future

Form: will or shall + have + past participle of the verb

Future perfect progressive

Ongoing actions or conditions until a specified time in the future

Form: will or shall + have + been + -ing form of the verb

Modals

Helping verbs that express ability, a request, or and attitude, such as an interest, possibility, or obligation

Shall

Should express to do something, advisability

Will

Would express strong intent, possibility

Can

Could express capability, possibility, request

May, might

Express possibility or permission, request

Must

Ought to express obligation or need

Subjunctive mood

Used to express wishes, requests or conditions contrary to the fact

Form: use the base form of the verb (present tense verb do not change form to indicate number and person of the subject)