Bio Module 2 (biomolecules, Cells)

Biomolecules

Build on a framework of covalently bonded carbon atoms that are critical for living cells (Proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids)

polymers

Long strands of repeating units of small molecules called monomers

Proteins

Polymers of the 20 amino acid monomers. (Most numerous and versatile of the four biomolecules and contain nitrogen)

Carbohydrates

Next most versatile biomolecules. Simple monomer sugars and polymers of simple sugars

Lipids (Fats, oils, sterols)

Combinations of hydrocarbons, fatty acids, glycerol molecules. NOT polymers b/c their structure is not composed of a chain of monomers.

Nucleic Acids

Large biomolecules playing essential roles in all cells and viruses. Storage and expression of genomic information and energy carriers.

Carbon Atoms

The building blocks of life

Polar Molecule

Electrons are unequally shared between atoms, partial electrical charges result within a molecule. One end of the molecule is slightly negative and the other end slightly positive (water)

Nonpolar molecules

Not soluble in water

Hydrophobic

Molecules that do not associate with water (clump together than added to water)

Hydrophilic

Associate with water and mix easily.

Phospholipid

A type of glyceride that is an important component in call membranes. (Made up of two hydrophobic fatty acid tails bonded to a hydrophilic head containing a glycerol and a phosphate group. )

Phospholipid bilayer

Formed when phospholipids are exposed to water.

Energy carriers

delivers usable "on demand" energy (NADPH, NADH, FADH2)

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate (powers almost all activities in the call)

Exocytosis

Ejects substances from the cell

Endocytosis

Brings material from the outside of the cell to the invisible enclosed in vesicles.

Cell Theory

Unifying principle of biology. Every living organism is composed of one or more cells. All cells living today came from a preexisting cell.

Prokaryotic Cell

Single celled organism cells lacking a nucleus and complex internal compartments.

Eukaryotic cells

may be single or multicellular. Possess many membrane enclosed compartments called organelles

Organelles

Lipid bilayer, membrane enclosed internal compartments that concentrate and organize cellular chemical reactions

Cytoskeleton

A network of proteins cylinders and filaments that organizes the interior of a eukaryotic cell, forms the framework, and enables movement within cells.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Lipid bilayer membrane network continuous with the nuclear envelope

Smooth ER

Manufactures lipids and hormones, breaks down toxic compounds

Rough ER

covered with ribosomes that make proteins for export from the cell

Golgi apparatus

Lipid bilayer, membrane enclosed packaging center that directs proteins and lipid products from the ER to other membranes

Vesicles

lipid bilayer, membrane enclosed sacs that bud from the ER and golgi

Lysosomes

Lipid bilayer membrane enclosed sacs that break down biomolecules such a proteins into simpler compounds that can be recycled and reused.

Mitochondria

Use chemical reactions to transform carbohydrates into ATP in a process called cellular respiration.

Chloroplasts

Capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell via photosynthesis

Nucleus

The control center of the cell containing chromosomes made of proteins and DNA

DNA

The biological code/blueprint that is packaged to port chromatin

Chromosomes

Compacted chromatin made up of two sister chromatids and a centromere. 23 pairs, 46 total

Sex chromosomes

Determine sex (xx or xy)

Ribosomes

Reads RNA to make proteins, not technically an organelle.

Surface Area to Volume theories

The ratio of surface area to volume declines with an increase in the width of the cell.

Cell division

The generation of daughter cells from a parent cell

asexual reproduction

Results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent

Sexual reproduction

combines genetic information from two individuals of opposite mating types to produce offspring.

Binary fission

Process used by prokaryotic organisms for reproduction.

Cell cycle

sequence of events making up the life of the typical eukaryotic cell.

Interphase

90% of a cells life, the normal function, preparation for division

G1 phase

First phase of newly divided cell, usually the longest, prep for DNA replication

S Phase (Synthesis)

DNA is replicated during. Chromosomes are copied and condensed in preparation for cell division.

G2 phase

Prep for division, after S phase

Cell cycle checkpoints

Stops cell cycle if the cell is too small, nutrient supply is inadequate, the cell's DNA is damaged, or when chromosome duplication is incomplete.

G0 (g-not) phase

Nonreplicating phase. May last anywhere from a few days to the rest of the cell's life.

Mitosis

Cell division for growth, development, and repair.

Somatic Cells

Any cell that does not go through meiosis or is a result of meiosis

Meiosis

Cell division for reproduction, creates gametes

Cytokinesis

A division of the cytoplasm to form two daughter cells

Cell differentiation

Allows daughter cells to become specialized for a specific set of functions

Stem cells

unspecialized cells that are able to grow, regenerate, and repair tissues throughout our life span.

Mitosis stages

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Prophase

Nuclear envelope disassembles and mitotic spindle captures the replicated chromosomes

Metaphase

Chromosomes align in the center of the cell

Anaphase

chromatids are pulled apart and each is considered a new chromosome

Telophase

Nuclear envelopes begins to form around the new sets of chromosomes at each end of the cell.

Germ-line cells

used in meiosis to produce gametes

Fertilization

The fusion of two haploid gametes, resulting in a zygote

Zygote

a single diploid cell containing all the DNA and undergoing mitosis to form a new complete organism.

Haploid cells

contain one copy of each chromosome.

Diploid cells

contain 2 copies of each chromosome