Biopsychosocial Model of Drug Use: Factors and Epidemiology

What are the three main factors in the Biopsychosocial Model related to drug use?

Biological factors, Psychological factors, Social/environmental factors.

What biological factors influence drug use?

Genetics, drug metabolism, brain structure and function, neurochemical effects, tolerance, withdrawal, and health effects.

What psychological factors affect drug use?

Expectancies, motives, personality, mood/stress, mental health, acute intoxication, subjective effects/reward, and mood/mental health effects.

What social factors can influence drug use?

Peer influences, drug policy, home environment, gender roles, cultural influences, social/occupational consequences, legal involvement, and social reinforcement.

How do factors influencing drug use change over time?

Factors such as social/cultural perceptions, psychological expectancies, and biological effects evolve over time, as seen with cannabis.

Define 'drug'.

A non-food substance that chemically alters a living organism.

What is a psychoactive drug?

A drug that has an effect on the central nervous system, typically altering mood, cognition, and/or behavior.

What distinguishes an illicit drug?

An illicit drug is illegal, and its legality can change over time, which is not necessarily correlated with its addiction potential.

What is drug misuse?

Using a drug in a way that leads to harm.

What is classical conditioning of craving?

A learning process where an unconditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.

What is epidemiology of drug use?

The study of incidence, prevalence, trends, distribution, and correlates of drug use and associated conditions.

Why is studying the epidemiology of drugs important?

It aids in resource allocation, tracking and responding to epidemics, and understanding the impacts of policies and programs.

What are some strengths of using surveys in drug use epidemiology?

Surveys are easy to administer, cost-effective, and sometimes the only way to gather specific information.

What are some weaknesses of surveys in drug use research?

Surveys can be biased due to recall, social desirability, nonresponse, and may not be applicable for all questions.

What percentage of the U.S. population drinks at least one caffeinated beverage per day?

85%.

What percentage of the U.S. population drank alcohol in the past month?

55%.

What was the global tobacco use percentage reported by the World Health Organization in 2020?

Approximately 22% of the world's population.

What is the most widely used illicit drug worldwide?

Cannabis.

What are some demographic correlates of drug use?

Sex/gender, sexual orientation, age, education, socioeconomic status, racialized groups, and health services inequities.

What is the significance of intersectionality in drug use studies?

It helps to understand the varying prevalence of drug use among different demographic groups and the impact of policies.

What is the relationship between drug use and social reinforcement?

Social reinforcement can encourage drug use through peer influences and cultural norms.

How have attitudes toward cannabis changed from the mid-1900s to today?

Cannabis was once viewed as dangerous with strict policies but is now legal and perceived as low risk.

What are some alternative methods to surveys for collecting drug use data?

Sales data, administrative data, wastewater analysis, and biological sample collection.

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