Nikhil's FULL YEAR BIO STUDY FLASCARDS

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49 Terms

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Hydroxyl

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Esters

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Carbonyl

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Carboyxl

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Amino

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Phosphate

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Sulfhydryl

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Alpha Glucose

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Beta Glucose

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Dehydration Synthesis

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Hydrolysis

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Starch

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Cellulose

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Amylase

breaks down starch into maltose

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Maltase

breaks maltose into glucose

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Monomer of protein

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Peptide Bond

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Metabolism

All of the chemical reactions that occur in our body

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Catabolism

Breaking down of complex molecules to form simpler ones

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Anabolism

Building of complex molecules from smaller subunits, requires energy

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Trans fatty acids

have double bonds/ no bonds and behave like unsaturated fats, clogging arteries and our bodies cant break it down

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Cis fattty acids

have double bonds with bends, and have H on the same one side, it causes a bend

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Unsaturated fats

can be liquid at room temperature because they are less packed, they have less hydrogens and double bonds

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Saturated fats

solid at room temperature, no double bonds

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Triglycerides

Unused calories are converted into these. They are stored in fat cells until used, between meals and during exercise. Glycerol + three fatty acids through dehydration synthesis.

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Phospholipids

Similar to triglycerides

They have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.

Heads are polar, tails are nonpolar

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Cholesterol

Maintains cell membrane structure

SYsntehsis basis for some structures

LDL is bad, HDL is good

Hormones are a type of steroids

Variants include cortisone, deoxycholic acid, albumin, etc

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nucleotide

Made of:
Phosphate group

Pentose Sugar

Nitrogenous base

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Pyramidines

  • Cytosine

  • Uracil

  • Thymine

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Purines

Adenine and Guanine

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Nucleotide Monomers

A,C,T,G,U

Adenine
Cytosine
Thymine
Guanine
Uracil

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Phosphodiester bonds:

Basically duplicate ester but replace c with o. Forms through dehydration synthesis. Bonds for nucleic acics.

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Cohesion

H-bonding between like molecules

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Surface Tension

measure of how difficult it is to break or stretch surface of liquid

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Adhesion

bonding between unlike molecules

Adhesion of H2O to vessel walls counters ↓ pull of gravity

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Transpiration

how water moves up plants

H2o clings to each term by cohesion and clings to the xylem tubes by adhesion

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Solution

liquid, homogeneous mixture of 2+ substances

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Solvent

dissolving agent (liquid

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Solute

dissolved substance

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Water

versatile solvent

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Covalent Bonds

Share electrons

Polar covalent bonds are between differing electronegativity atoms like H2O

Nonpolar are between equal electron sharing like O2 or H2

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Ionic bonds

Two ions (+/-) bond

Na+ Cl - forms NaCl

Affected by environment

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Hydrogen bonds

Weak

Hydrogen of a polar covalent molecule bonds to electronegative atom of other polar covalent molecules

Bond between two water molecules is hydrogen

H atom on a water molecule bonds to the N on a ammonia molecule (NH3)

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Main elements of life

CHNOPS/SPONCH

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DNA

  • Double stranded

  • Deoxyribose sugar

  • Bases:

    • Thymine

    • Cytosine

    • Adenine

    • Guanine

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RNA

  • Single stranded

  • Ribose sugar

  • Bases:

    • Uracil

    • Cytosine

    • Adenine

    • Guanine

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Protien Folding

  • 4 levels of peptide chains

  • Primary:

    • Chain of amino acids: polypeptide chain

  • Secondary: 

    • The same chain forms alpha helices and beta pleated sheets

  • Tertiary: 

    • Same original chain

    • Folds in half on its self

    • Makes a blob

    • Disulfide bonds do this, sulfhydryl is important

    • Cysteine has sulfur and methionine

  • Quaternary:

    • Multiple tertiaries come together to form this

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GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein)

a protien that is stuck to other proteins in order to track their movement.

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Never back down never WAHT?

NEVER GIVE UP