Nikhil's FULL YEAR BIO STUDY FLASCARDS

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Hydroxyl

Esters

Carbonyl

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Amino

Phosphate

Sulfhydryl

Alpha Glucose

Beta Glucose

Dehydration Synthesis

Hydrolysis

Starch

Cellulose

Amylase

breaks down starch into maltose

Maltase

breaks maltose into glucose

Monomer of protein

Peptide Bond

Metabolism

All of the chemical reactions that occur in our body

Catabolism

Breaking down of complex molecules to form simpler ones

Anabolism

Building of complex molecules from smaller subunits, requires energy

Trans fatty acids

have double bonds/ no bonds and behave like unsaturated fats, clogging arteries and our bodies cant break it down

Cis fattty acids

have double bonds with bends, and have H on the same one side, it causes a bend

Unsaturated fats

can be liquid at room temperature because they are less packed, they have less hydrogens and double bonds

Saturated fats

solid at room temperature, no double bonds

Triglycerides

Unused calories are converted into these. They are stored in fat cells until used, between meals and during exercise. Glycerol + three fatty acids through dehydration synthesis.

Phospholipids

Similar to triglycerides

They have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.

Heads are polar, tails are nonpolar

Cholesterol

Maintains cell membrane structure

SYsntehsis basis for some structures

LDL is bad, HDL is good

Hormones are a type of steroids

Variants include cortisone, deoxycholic acid, albumin, etc

nucleotide

Made of:
Phosphate group

Pentose Sugar

Nitrogenous base

Pyramidines

• Cytosine

• Uracil

• Thymine

Purines

Adenine and Guanine

Nucleotide Monomers

A,C,T,G,U

Adenine
Cytosine
Thymine
Guanine
Uracil

Phosphodiester bonds:

Basically duplicate ester but replace c with o. Forms through dehydration synthesis. Bonds for nucleic acics.

Cohesion

H-bonding between like molecules

Surface Tension

measure of how difficult it is to break or stretch surface of liquid

Adhesion

bonding between unlike molecules

Adhesion of H2O to vessel walls counters ↓ pull of gravity

Transpiration

how water moves up plants

H2o clings to each term by cohesion and clings to the xylem tubes by adhesion

Solution

liquid, homogeneous mixture of 2+ substances

Solvent

dissolving agent (liquid

Solute

dissolved substance

Water

versatile solvent

Covalent Bonds

Share electrons

Polar covalent bonds are between differing electronegativity atoms like H2O

Nonpolar are between equal electron sharing like O2 or H2

Ionic bonds

Two ions (+/-) bond

Na+ Cl - forms NaCl

Affected by environment

Hydrogen bonds

Weak

Hydrogen of a polar covalent molecule bonds to electronegative atom of other polar covalent molecules

Bond between two water molecules is hydrogen

H atom on a water molecule bonds to the N on a ammonia molecule (NH3)

Main elements of life

CHNOPS/SPONCH

DNA

• Double stranded

• Deoxyribose sugar

• Bases:

  • Thymine

  • Cytosine

  • Adenine

  • Guanine

RNA

• Single stranded

• Ribose sugar

• Bases:

  • Uracil

  • Cytosine

  • Adenine

  • Guanine

Protien Folding

• 4 levels of peptide chains

• Primary:

  • Chain of amino acids: polypeptide chain

• Secondary: 

  • The same chain forms alpha helices and beta pleated sheets

• Tertiary: 

  • Same original chain

  • Folds in half on its self

  • Makes a blob

  • Disulfide bonds do this, sulfhydryl is important

  • Cysteine has sulfur and methionine

• Quaternary:

  • Multiple tertiaries come together to form this

GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein)

a protien that is stuck to other proteins in order to track their movement.

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