bio midterm

where do light reactions occur in photosynthesis

it occurs in the thylakoid membrane

what is a photosystem

it is a reaction center and light capturing complexes

during the light reactions (in photosynthesis) WHAT energy is absorbed from the sun and converted to WHAT energy which is temporarily stored in WHAT and WHAT

solar; chemical; NADPH; ATP

what order are the photosystems in

photosystem 2 then photosystem 1

what happens in photosystem 2 when light enters

causes an e- to go from an excited state back to a ground state which repeats until it reaches the P680 pair of cholophyll a molecules, transferred to a primary e- acceptor which forms P680+, H2O splits into 2e- reduced P680+ and 2H+ released into thylakoid space and 1 oxygenation

why is the splitting of water important in the light reactions (ie what does it provide)

it provides a source of electrons and protons

after the electrons travel through the ETC they arrive at photosystem at 1 what happens there

excites electrons in P700 cholophyll to become P700+, e- goes down a second ETC, NADP+ reductase catalyzes the transfer of e- from FD to NADP+

what is the ETC

electron transport chain

inputs of photosynthesis light reactions

H20, ADP, and NADP+

outputs of photosynthesis light reactions

O2, ATP, NADPH

where is cholophyll located

it is in the thylakoid membranes

where is ETC located

located on the thylkoid membrane

summarize light reactions

converts solar energy into chemical energy which drives the transport of electrons and hydrogen ions to generate ATP from ADP

when does an ionic bond occur

when there is a transfer of electrons from one aton to another

what functional group will always find in an amino acid

NH2

what is the best explanation for why ice is less dense than liquid

hydrogen bonds stabilize the structure of water keeping molecules separate from each thus resulting in ice being less dense than water

an independent variable is defined as

the factor that is being manipulated in the experiment

?a low standard deviation in an experiment means?

there is less confidence in the data?

a dependent variable is defined as

the factor which measured in the experiment

two standard deviations from the mean in either direction on the horizontal axis represents

95% of the data

hydrophyllic literally means

water loving

what occurs when a covalent bond is formed

electrons are shared

what is an example of qualitative data

the fish swam in a zig zag motion

a hydrolysis reaction results in

bond breakage of a macromolecule

gylcogen is a polysaccharide used for energy storage by

animals

what monomer matches fat

fatty acids

what monomer matches protein

amino acid

what monomer matches glycogen

glucose

what monomer matches lipids

fatty acids

what monomer matches nucleotides

nucleic acids

what monomer matches starch

glucose

what monomer matches carbohydrates

monosaccharide

what is the chemical mechanism by which cells make polymers from monomers

dehydration reaction

the range of a data set is

the difference between the smallest and largest values in a data set

an example of deductive reasoning

all organisms are made of cells, humans are organisms, humans are made of cells

deductive reasoning

general idea to a specific idea

an example of inductive reasoning

the flamingoes here are pink, all the flamingoes i have seen are pink, all flamingoes must be pink

inductive reasoning

a specific idea that is broadened into a general idea

why do hydrogen and oxygen form polar covalent bonds within water molecules

oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, generating a partial negative charge near the oxygen atom

what is waters property of adhesion

the attraction between water molecules and other molecules

max number of electrons carbon can bond with

4

plant cell walls contain an abundance of what

cellulose

what makes ones amino acid different from anoter

different side chains (Rgroups) attached to the central carbon

what nitrogenous bases are of the purine type

guanine and adenine

what molecule has hydrophyllic and hydrophobic properties that can be found in the plasma membrane

phospholipids

DNA contains what sugar

dexoribose

ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen in a monosaccharide

1:2:1

hydrophobic substances are

nonpolar that repel water molecules

what determines a proteins function

shape

when asked to state a hypothesis what kind of hypothesis do you start with and then add an alternate one

null hyphothesis

what will a researcher use to ensure there is no confounding variable affecting the results or to factor in any likely sources of bias

a control

the mode of a data set is

the value that appears most often in a data set

a low standard deviation means

the independent variable is likely causing the changes

what is the measure of how far a data set diverges from the central tendency

variabilty

what level of standard error increases confidence in the data

low

where does the dependent and independent variables go when graphing

dependent: y independent:x

what pathway represents the movement for packaging/processing of the secretory protein?

rough er -> golgi -> secretory vesicle -> plasma membrane

what is the basic unit of life

cell

what, in large numbers, can cause a high rate of protein synthesis

ribosomes

if a virus were to attack a plant's cells that are primarily responible for producing chemical energy what is most likely the target cell structure that the virus attacked?

mitochondria

mitochondria is what

the powerhouse of the cell

why are high levels of salt in soil dangerous to plants

when plant cells are exposed to an extracellular environment that has a high concentration of salt it causes water to leave the plant cells

what would be able to pass through the membrane the easiest?

small hydrophobic substances

what piece of evidence best supports the endosymbiotic theory

some organelles in eukaryotes have their own DNA similar to that of prokaryotes

why are the mitochondria and the golgi are highly efficent in their functions

both have compartmentalization which allows for optimal surface area to volume ratio to exchange material through their membranes

one difference between plant and animal cells is that plant cells have

a central vacuole

the NaCl concentration of red blood cells is 154 mM. Predict what would happen if the cell was placed in a 220 mM NaCl solution.

the red blood cell will shrivel

what does it mean to say that phopholipids are amphipathic

they have both hydrophyillic and hydrophobic parts

what is a difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

both have a cytoplasm but prokaryotes lack a nucleus

one difference between prokaryotes and eukarytoes is that eukaryotes...

contain membrane bound organelles

where would you find the dna in an animal cell

in the mitochondria and nucleus

what is most likely to have the greatest concentraion of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

cell that makes steroid hormones

what organe;;es would be present in high numbers in the leg muscles of a marathon runner

mitochondria

what charatersitic of a phopholipid increases the fluidity of the membrane

unsaturated fatty acid tail

what frequently improves

ratios of surface area to volume

tay-sachs disease is a huma genetic abnormaility that results in cells accumulating and becoming clogged with very large, complex, undigested lipids. what cellular organelle is most likely defective in this condition

the lysosome

what is the prinicpal force driving movement in diffusion

concentration gradient

what organelle produces and modifies polysaccharides that will be secreted

golgi apparatus

what organelle is the primary sit of atp synthesis in eukaryotic cells

miochondrion

water moves via osmosis across plasma cell membranes in which direction

from an area with a high concentration of water to a lower concentration

for a protein to be an intergral membrane protein it would have to be

amphipathic, with at least one hydrophobic region

a phopholipid bilayer with equal amounts of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids displays a specific permeability to glucose. what effect will increasing the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in the bilayer have on the membrane's permeability to glucose

permeability will increase

according the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes phopholipids..

can move laterally along the plane of the membrane

what type of molecules are hydrophilic and therfore excluded from the hydrophobic portion of the phopholipid bilayer

peripheral membrane proteins

what kinds of molecules pass thorugh a cell membrane most easily

small and hydrophobic

what are least likely to diffuse through the phopholipid bilayer of a cell membrane

small ions

what moleucles dramaticallly increase the rate of diffusion of water across cell membranes

aquaporins

which process includes all the others

osmosis
facilitated diffusion
>passive transport
transport of ion down its electrochemical gradient

which state about diffusion is true

it is a passive process in which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

what statement correctly describes osmosis

water moves across a membranes from areas of lower solute concentration to areas of higher solute concentration

what statement correctly describes the normal tonicity conditions for typical plant and animal cells? the animal cells in...

an isotonic solution and the plant in a hypotonic solution

a sodium potassium pump

moves three sodium ions out of a cell and two potassium ions into a cell using energy from atp hydrolysis

the force driving simple diffusion is ... while the energy souce for active transport is...

a concentration gradient; atp

white blood cells engluf bacteria using

phagocytosis

cytoplasm

supports and suspends the organelles and cellular molecules

chloroplast

site of photsynthesis

nucleolous

cleases the region of the nucleus where ribosomal rna is synthesized

nucleus

contains chromosomes, enclosed by nuclear envelope, pores regulate entry and exit of materials from the cell

smooth endoplasmic reticulm

contains NO ribosomes, synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, and detoxifies the cell

ribosomes

translate messages found on mRNA into the primary structure of polypeptides