Clinical Psychology & Mental Health - Test 4

factitious disorder

feign or induce physical symptoms on themselves, typically for the purpose of assuming the role of a sick person

conversion disorder

bodily symptoms affect voluntary motor and sensory functions, but the symptoms are inconsistent with known medical diseases

somatic symptom disorder

at least 6 months, excessive distress, concern, anxiety about bodily symptoms they are experiencing, and their lives are disproportionally distributed by the symptoms

primary gain

psychodynamic theory, gain derived when somatic symptoms keep internal conflicts out of awareness

secondary gain

psychodynamic theory, gain derived when somatic symptoms elicit kindness from others or provide an excuse to avoid unpleasant activities

illness anxiety disorder

6 months of illness preoccupation, chronically anxious about and preoccupied with the notion that they have or are developing a serious medical illness, despite the absence of somatic symptoms

psychophysiological disorders

biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors interact to cause or worsen a physical illness

type a

hostility, cynicism, drivenness, impatience, competitiveness, and ambition

type d

strong negative emotions and reactions, while at the same time feeling too inhibited and unsupported socially to express or test their feelings of distress

schizophrenia

6+ months

psychosis

A state in which a person loses contact with reality in key ways

positive symptoms

Symptoms of schizophrenia that seem to be excesses of or bizarre additions to typical thoughts, emotions, or behaviors

delusion

A strange false belief firmly held despite evidence to the contrary

formal thought disorder

A disturbance in the production and organization of thought

loose associations

A common thinking disturbance in schizophrenia, characterized by rapid shifts from one topic of conversation to another

hallucination

The experiencing of sights, sounds, or other perceptions in the absence of external stimuli

inappropriate affect

Displays of emotions that are unsuited to the situation

negative symptoms

Symptoms of schizophrenia that seem to be deficits in typical thought, emotions, or behaviors

alogia

A decrease in speech or speech content; a symptom of schizophrenia

flat affect

A marked lack of apparent emotions; a symptom of schizophrenia

avolition

A symptom of schizophrenia marked by apathy and an inability to start or complete a course of action

catatonia

A pattern of extreme psychomotor symptoms, found in some forms of schizophrenia, which may include catatonic stupor, rigidity, or posturing

dopamine

The theory that schizophrenia results from excessive activity of the neurotransmitter dopamine, specifically D2

antipsychotic

Drugs that help correct grossly confused or distorted thinking

phenothiazines

A group of antihistamine drugs that became the first group of effective antipsychotic medications

second-generation antipsychotics

A relatively new group of antipsychotic drugs whose biological action is different from that of the first-generation antipsychotic drugs

expressed emotion

The general level of criticism, disapproval, and hostility expressed in a family, people recovering from schizophrenia are considered more likely to relapse

state hospitals

public mental hospitals in the United States, run by the individual states

milieu therapy

A humanistic approach to institutional treatment based on the premise that institutions can help patients recover by creating a climate that promotes self-respect, responsible behavior, and meaningful activity

token economy program

A behavior-focused program in which a person’s desirable behaviors are reinforced systematically by the awarding of tokens that can be exchanged for goods or privileges

extrapyramidal effects

Unwanted movements, such as severe shaking, bizarre-looking grimaces, twisting of the body, and extreme restlessness, sometimes produced by antipsychotic drugs

first generation antipsychotic drugs

The initial group of antipsychotic drugs, developed throughout the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s

tardive dyskinesia

Extrapyramidal effects involving involuntary movements that some patients have after they have taken antipsychotic drugs for an extended time

aranulocytosis

A life-threatening drop in white blood cells. This condition is sometimes produced by the second-generation antipsychotic drug clozapine

cognitive remediation

A treatment that focuses on the cognitive impairments that often characterize people with schizophrenia— particularly their difficulties in attention, planning, and memory

coordinated specialty care (CSC)

A treatment that focuses on the cognitive impairments that often characterize people with schizophrenia— particularly their difficulties in attention, planning, and memory

delusional disorder

1+ months of delusions, nonbizzare delusions (erotomatic, grandiose, jealous, mixed, somatic, persecutory, unspecified type), affects 0.2%, no bizzare/odd behavior, mid 40s, more in females

breif-psychotic disorder

1 day - >1 month, loses touch with reality (psychosis) due to extreme stress or trauma, causing hallucinations, delusions, or bizarre speech/behavior

schizophreniform

1-6 months, same symptoms as schizophrenia, although they go away, 1/3 of population with symptoms

Integrated diathesis stress model

S: dopamine/brain structure, cognitive deficits and emotional disregulation, trauma family conflict high expressed emotions and substance use, when stress exceeds capacity biological predispositions are activated

SS: biological sensitivity to bodily sensations, cognitive misinterpritations, stress/trauma

behavioral

S: social withdrawl and bizzare behavior can be unintentionally reinforced, token economies in instituations use reinforsement to improve functioning

SS: symptoms reinforces by attention care and avoidence, “conversion symptoms reduce anxiety” negative reinforcement to improve functioning (secondary gain)

sociocultural

S: high EE (relapse), poverty discrimination and chronic stress, collectivists show lower relapse rates

SS: some cultures use bodily expressions, low SES and limited access to healthcare, high medical system utilization

biological

S: dopamine, brain (enlarged ventricals, reduced grey matter, decreased prefrontal activity), strong genetic influence, prenatal (virus, fathers age, complications)

SS: heightened arousal and overreactive ANS contribute to psychophysiological illnesses, modest genetic factors

cognitive behavioral

S: attempts to understand hallucinations leads to delusional explinations, deficits in attention memory and executive function contribute to disorganized thinking

SS: misinterperet normal body sensations as catastrophic, reinforsement maintains symptoms (increased attention and reporting), isolation and stress increases somatic focus

humanistic

S: distorted self-concept unable to live authentically, lack of unconditional positive regard

SS: blocked personal growth frustration or unability to express authentic emotions, unmet psychological needs

psychodynamic

S: overwhelmed ego by id (primarily narcissism)

SS: conversion disorder from unconscious repression expressed physically

neologisms

made up words

clanging

stringing words together that rhyme

blocking

sudden interpritation of speech/thought

predomal phase

1-2 years, period of decline prior to acute psychotic episode, decreased social interest, lapses in responsibility

acute phase

active psychosis

residual phase

return to predomal phase (apathy, vauge speech, unusual ideas, flat effect)

melingering disorder

faking psychological symptoms to acheive a secondary gain (financial/avoidance of legal issues)

koro syndrome

primarily in china, thought that genitals are shirinking

dhat syndrome

indian asian males, dizziness weakness and fatigue, excessive fears over loss of seminal fluid durring nocturnal emissions, fear it depletes mental energy