Seed Plant Final Vocab

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46 Terms

1

cultivation

behaviors involved in managing plant resources (clearing, burning, plowing, selective breeding, planting, and harvesting)

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2

domestication

type of evolution in which selection occurs under human influence

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3

artificial selection

an evolutionary process in which humans consciously select for or against particular features

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4

genetic engineering

modify the genes to enhance the capabilities of the organism beyond what is normal

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5

transgene

an artificial, manipulated gene, that incorporate all appropriate elements critical for gene expression, derived from a different species

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6

CRISPR

a technology to selectively modify the DNA/ edit the genes of living organisms

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7

transient expression

the production of a recombinant protein over a short period (1–14 days) following DNA transfer (temporary expression of genes)

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8

molecular farming

the production of pharmaceutically important and commercially valuable proteins in plants (instead of food, feed, or fiber)

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9

medicinal products

substances or combination of substances that is intended to treat, prevent or diagnose a disease

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10

secondary metabolites

substances manufactured by plants that make them competitive in their own environment

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11

major developmental hormones

Six main types: Auxins, abscisic acid (ABA), cytokinins, ethylene, gibberellin (GA), and brassinosteroids (BR)

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12

defensive hormones

regulate plant defence to pathogens →salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) (sometimes ethylene and ABA)

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13

polar transport

directional cell-to-cell transport of functional molecules, enables plants to sense and respond to developmental and environmental signals

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14

PIN proteins

drive directional auxin flow through their polar localization within the cell

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15

apical dominance

central stem of the plant is dominant over (i.e., grows more strongly than) other side stems

<p>central stem of the plant is dominant over (i.e., grows more strongly than) other side stems</p>
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16

conjugation

the transfer of DNA in a site- and strand-specific manner from a donor to a recipient cell (typically in bacteria)

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17

biosynthesis

the process by which living things use chemical reactions to create products useful for cellular metabolism

  • the final products are macromolecules

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18

catabolism

the set of metabolic processes that break down large/ complex molecules

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19

senescence

the gradual deterioration of functional characteristics (like aging)

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20

triple response

an adaptation that enables seedlings to overcome obstacles, such as debris, and successfully emerge into the light during germination

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21

expansins

small extracellular proteins that promote turgor-driven extension of plant cell walls

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22

phosphorelay

aids phosphoryl group transfer to initiate a change in cell state or activity

<p>aids phosphoryl group transfer to initiate a change in cell state or activity</p>
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23

auxin

  • involved in cell elongation

  • can change the pH of the wall, allowing the wall to expand

  • has a nucleus receptor

  • directly alters cell physiology

  • can release repression

  • involved in leaf abscission (fall off in fall)

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24

cytokinin

  • involved in cell division

  • natural & synthetic types

  • in RAM →lateral bud stimulated apical dominance, stimulates leaf expansion, delays leaf senescence, enhances stomatal opening (in some species)

  • has a plasma membrane receptor

  • involved in a signaling cascade, phosphorelay to release repression

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25

ethylene

  • gaseous hormone

  • promotes fruit ripening

  • homeostasis is controlled by biosynthesis → triple response: reduced elongation, hypocotyl swelling, apical hook exaggeration

  • involved in leaf abscission (fall off in fall)

  • has an ER receptor

  • involved in a signaling cascade

  • can release repression

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26

abscisic acid (ABA)

  • synthesized in chloroplasts (plastids) of leaves

  • water regulating

  • inhibits shoot growth and effect of gibberellins (GA)

  • can be inactivated through oxidation & conjugation

  • water stress promotes signaling

  • releases into cytoplasm when needed

  • plasma membrane and cytosolic receptors

  • directly impacts transcription factors

  • release of repression (if snRK2 pathway is present)

  • direct physiological impact → tugor pressure and ion channels

  • calcium & nitric oxide signaling cascades

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27

Gibberellins (GA)

  • promotes germination

  • induces maleness in dioecious flowers

  • induces fruit development w/out seeds

  • biosynthesis occurs in specific tissue

  • excess GA stimulates GA-inactivating enzymes

  • directly impacts expansin enzymes -. stimulates cell elongation

  • nucleus receptor

  • release repression

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28

Brassinsteroids (BA)

  • steroid hormone, specifically paracrine

  • promote shoot growth (along w/ auxin)

  • differentiation of vascular development

  • transportation isn’t a big deal

  • excess BR stimulates BR-inactivating enzymes

  • conjugation allows for some reversible storage

  • Low BR → BIN2 is active (p)

  • High BR → BSU1 and BSK5 are active(p) (BIN is removed and transcription is activated)

  • plasma membrane receptor

  • phosphorelay

  • release repression

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29

tropism

the movement of plants or their parts in a particular direction in response to an external stimulus

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30

phototropism

the growth of an organism in response to a light stimulus

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31

phototropin

the blue light receptor for phototropism

  • an indicator of “good” light

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32

gravitropism

the growth of the plant in a specific direction in response to gravity

  • positive gravitropism ex.→ roots

  • negative gravitropism ex.→ stems

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33

starch-statoliths

specialized starch-containing plastids (amyloplasts), found in the root cap

sense gravity

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34

hydrotropism

the growth of plant structures towards (+) or away (-) from moisture

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35

thigmotropism

the growth of a plant in response to movement or touch

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36

thigmomorphogenesis

the response by plants to touch, to alter their growth patterns

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37

circadian rhythm

a natural cycle of behavior and physical changes which repeats daily

  • is regulated

  • anticipates daily occurences

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38

cryptochrome

a photoreceptor that is sensitive to blue light and regulates the circadian rhythm

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39

phytochrome

a class of photoreceptor proteins that respond to red light and far-red light

  • control many aspects of plant development (like germination)

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40

photoperiodism

the physiological reaction of organisms to the length of light or a dark period (can be daily or seasonal)

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41

etiolation

the process in which plants grow long, pale and unhealthy due to lack of light

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42

dormancy

the state of a plant when growth, development, and physical activity are temporarily stopped

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43

nastic movements

non-directional responses to stimuli that occur rapidly (ex. sensitive mimosa plant)

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44

thigmonastic movement

non-directional response to touch (a type of nastic movement)

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45

pulvini solar tracking

the orientation of a plant towards the sun and following it throughout the day

done by pulvini, a joint-like structure which can cause movement of plant organs via changes in turgor

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46

heliotropism

the directional growth of a plant in response to sunlight

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