anatomy

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digestive system

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128 Terms

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maltose
sugar
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digestion
group of processes that break complex nutrients into simpler ones
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absorption
movement of digested nutrients through GI mucosa and into the internal environment
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metabolism
process of which food turns into energy
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alimentary canal
winding tube
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gastrointestinal (GI) tract
refers to the portion that includes the stomach and intestines
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ingestion
process of taking food into mouth
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digestion
group of processes that break complex nutrients into simpler ones
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motility
movement by the muscular components of digestive tube
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secretion
release digestive juices
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feces
waste material resulting from digestive process
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lumen
inside space within the tube
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mucosa
composed of tough and abrasion-resistant stratified epithelium
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submucosa
connective tissue layer that lies below the mucosa
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muscularis
the two or three layers of muscle tissue
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peristalsis
wavelike contraction of the gut wall
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segmentation
type of intestinal motility
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serosa
outermost covering of digestive tube
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mouth
hollow chamber
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hard palate
bony structure in anterior or front portion of the mouth formed by parts of the palatine and maxillary bones
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soft palate
located above the posterior or rear portion of the mouth.
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uvula
hangs down from center of soft palate
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frenulum
thin membrane attaches the tongue to floor of the mouth
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incisors
front teeth
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mastication
chewing of food
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canine teeth
elongated and pointed in appearance. pierce the food that is being eaten into smaller shreds
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bicuspids
premolars
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molars
behind premolars
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bolus
small rounded mass of chewed food
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deciduous teeth
primary teeth
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permanent teeth
full set of 32 teeth
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crown
the portion that is exposed and visible in mouth
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dentin
bonelike material
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enamel
hardest tissue in the body
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cementum
root and neck of each tooth are covered by this
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neck
narrow portion that joins the crown of the tooth to the root
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gingiva
gum
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gingivitis
inflammation of the gums
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root
fits into the bony socket that surrounds it in either upper/lower jaw bone
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periodontal membrane
lines each tooth socket and anchors the tooth to the bone
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periodontitis
serious type of inflammation and infection
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dental caries
tooth decay
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parotid glands
largest of the salivary glands
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submandibular glands
open into the mouth on either side of the lingual frenulum
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sublingual glands
open into the floor of the mouth
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amylase
digestive enzyme
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pharynx
tubelike structure made of muscle and line with mucous membrane
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nasopharynx
part of pharynx
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oropharynx
part of pharynx
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laryngopharynx
part of pharynx
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deglutition
swallowing
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bolus
formation of a ball of food and saliva in the mouth
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regulation
voluntary swallowing movements is dependent on nervous impulses orgininating in motor cortex of cerebrum
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esophagus
muscular, mucus-lined tube that connects the pharynx with the stomach
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sphincter
guards ends of esophagus
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upper esophageal sphincter
helps prevent air from entering the tube during respiration
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lower esophageal sphincter
normally prevents backflow of acidic stomach contents
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stomach
lies in the upper part of the abdominal cavity. serve as large, expandable pouch that ingested material enters after it has been chewed
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fundus
enlarged, curving base to the left of and above the opening of the esophagus into the stomach
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body
central part of the stomach
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pylorus
lower narrow apex section
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chyme
semisolid mixture
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gastric glands
secrete gastric juice into stomach
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rugae
when stomach is empty mucous lining lies in folds
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hiatal hernia
bulging of the end of the esophagus and part or all of the stomach upward through the diaphragm and into the chest
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gastroesophageal reflux disease
condition where backward movement or reflux of stomach contents into the lower portion of the esophagus
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pyloric sphincter
chyme is held in stomach by this muscle
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small intestine
part of the GI tract
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duodenum
chyme passes through this
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jejunum
chyme passes through this
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ileum
chyme passes through this
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minor duodenal papilla
opening
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major duodenal papilla
a small opening in the wall of the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine.
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intestinal glands
small tubular structures located in the lining of the small intestine. They secrete digestive enzymes and mucus that aid in the breakdown and absorption of nutrients from food. The two main types of intestinal glands are the crypts of Lieberkuhn and Brunner's glands. The crypts of Lieberkuhn are found throughout the small intestine and secrete enzymes and mucus, while Brunner's glands are found only in the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine) and secrete an alkaline solution that neutralizes stomach acid.
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plicae
the folds found in the lining of certain organs, such as the small intestine.
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cillia
microscopic, hair-like structures that extend from the surface of many types of cells.
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lacteals
lymph capillaries that absorb lipids
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microvilli
tiny, finger-like projections that extend from the surface of some cells. They are found in the small intestine, kidney, and other organs where absorption or secretion takes place. Microvilli increase the surface area of the cell, allowing for more efficient absorption or secretion of substances.
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bile
a greenish-yellow fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It helps in the digestion and absorption of fats in the small intestine.
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heptic ducts
are a system of ducts that transport bile from the liver to the gallbladder and small intestine.
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common bile duct
a tube-like structure that carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine.
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cystic duct
a small tube that connects the gallbladder to the common bile duct.
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gallbladder
a small organ located beneath the liver that stores and releases bile, a digestive fluid produced by the liver.
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emulsify
process of mixing two immiscible liquids, such as oil and water, to form a stable emulsion.
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cholecystokinin
a peptide hormone that is released by cells in the small intestine and stimulates the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the gallbladder.
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jaundice
a medical condition characterized by yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes, caused by an excess of bilirubin in the blood.
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pancreatic islets
clusters of cells in the pancreas that produce and secrete hormones such as insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood sugar levels in the body.
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large intestine
absorb water and electrolytes from indigestible food matter, and to store and eliminate waste material from the body in the form of feces.
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ileocecal valve
sphincter muscle that separates the small intestine (ileum) from the large intestine (cecum). prevents the backflow of fecal matter from the large intestine into the small intestine.
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cecum
blind pouch; pouch at proximal end of large intestine
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ascending colon
portion of the colon extending from the cecum to the hepatic flexure
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heptic flexure
the bend b/w the ascending colon and the transverse colon
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transverse colon
division of the colon that passes horizontally across the abdomen
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splenic flexure
point at which the descending colon turns downward on the left side of the abdomen
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descending colon
portion of the colon that lies in the vertical position, on the left side of the abdomen; it extends from the splenic flexure to the sigmoid colon
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sigmoid colon
S-shaped segment of the large intestine that terminates in the rectum
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rectum
distal portion of the large intestine
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anal canal
terminal portion of the rectum
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anus
distal end or outlet of the rectum
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microbiome
all the interacting ecosystems of microbes that live on or in the human body