AP World Unit 7

Global Conflict from 1900-present: Chapters 12-15 in the AP World textbook. This covers WWI, WWII, the Russian Revolution, the Chinese Revolution, and the Mexican Revolution.

WWI causes

militarism (military was glorified, countries wanted to show their strength and spent money), alliances (when countries got involved in war, others were dragged in too), nationalism (countries were competitive, proud, and bitter about previous losses), imperialism (rivalries formed because of expansion), assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (the Balkan people didn’t want to be ruled by Austria-Hungary), conflict in the Balkans (Slavs didn’t like Austria-Hungary’s power)

WWI technology

planes, tanks, poison gas, machine guns, barbed wire, submarines

warfare used in WWI

trench warfare

Battle of the Somme (1916)

Britain and France vs Germany, bloodiest day in British history, it was shown in theaters and people protested

stalemate

brutal tactics meant no progress was being made on either side of WWI

Eastern Front

Germany vs. Russia, devastated Russia because of its inferior technology

Schlieffen Plan

Germany wanted to avoid the Eastern front by quickly striking France and moving to Russia, but their invasion of Belgium in the process provoked Great Britain, leading to German defeat

Armistice Day

11/11/18, agreement made to end WWI

14 Points

Wilson’s ideas to create global peace, not used

League of Nations

Wilson’s idea for an international peacekeeping organization, unsuccessful

Treaty of Versailles

treaty after WWI that heavily punished Germany

Mother’s Day

created to promote parenthood after population loss

suffrage

US women gained pride from war work and fought for voting rights

Spanish flu

came about near the end of WWI, spread to the world when soldiers went home from war

effects of WWI

expansion of government authority, PTSD, suffrage movements, flappers, collapse of German and Austro-Hungarian empires, new nations formed

Mandate System

countries were required to give up land after WWI—Britain got Iraq and Transjordan, France got Syria, Ottoman Empire became Turkey/Turkiye

Armenian Genocide

Christians in the predominantly Muslim Ottoman Empire were believed to be allies of Russia, so Ottoman leaders systematically killed 1.5 million Armenians, denied by Turkey

democratic states mobilizing for WWII

Great Britain and US

totalitarian states mobilizing for WWII

Germany and USSR

unchecked aggression

Hitler, Mussolini, and Japanese leaders gained power because of their aggression before WWII

Japan in the 1900s

industrialized from Meiji Restoartion, new world power

Japan in the 1920s

male suffrage, better education, more unions, rice riots (protests against rice price), Great depression led to authoritarianism, economy was hurt by less demand for silk

Radical Nationalism

Japanese people hated democracy, wanted an exalted emperor, and wanted foreign expansion

Japan in the 1930s

right-wing nationalism, dominant military, censorship, government spending to help economy

zaibatsu

big Japanese industrial enterprises

Manchuko

Japanese puppet state (previously Chinese Manchuria) that Japan took over to prevent Chinese influence; this upset the League of Nations, so Japan left it

Second Sino-Japanese War

began when Japan overran eastern China and the Western powers didn’t stop Japan (Japan was becoming allied with Germany and Italy)

The Greater East-Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

Japanese imperialism, formed in response to Western influence, intent to strengthen Japan’s influence

Nanjing Massacre

Japanese soldiers marching from Shanghai to Nanjing killed Chinese POWs and civilians, beginning of WWII in Asia

Invasion of Ethiopia

Italy wanted revenge after previously losing a war to Ethiopia and invaded, won because of superior technology

Munich Agreement

British PM gave Hitler Sudetenland as long as Hitler promise not to take more of Czechoslovakia (he broke this promise), appeasement

invasion of Poland

Germany invaded Poland and Britain and France declared war on Germany, beginning WWII in Europe

reasons for appeasement

France and Britain were still rebuilding from WWI and scared of more war

Axis Powers

Germany, Italy, Japan

Nazi-Soviet Pact

agreement not to fight (because they feared each other’s governments) that Hitler violated

blitzkrieg

lightning warfare, quick attacks to devastate cities and move on quickly

Dunkirk

beaches British troops escaped from when German troops tried to trap them

Vichy

capital of German puppet state (France taken over)

Operation Sea Lion

Britain refused to surrender and Germany attempted to invade, involved dogfights between the Luftwaffe and the RAF, Germany was unsucessful

Battle of Britain

known as “the blitz”, Germany bombed London for months and eventually retreated

Operation Barbarossa

Hitler invaded the USSR for resources, farmland, and to beat Stalin and communism, which caught the USSR offguard, but Germany failed because of the harsh winter weather

oil embargo

US wouldn’t give Japan oil anymore (Japan relied on the US for oil)

Attack on Pearl Harbor

on December 7, 1941, Japanese General Tojo ordered the bombing of US ships in Hawaii, which got the US involved in WWII

atomic bombs

US President Harry S Truman ordered atomic bombs to be dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, which made Japan surrender

WWII outcomes

60 million deaths, civilians became targets, women took industrial jobs, 6 million Jews died in the Holocaust, Europe was weakened, Eastern Europe fell to the USSR, decolonization movements, US became a world power

United Nations

succeeded League of Nations post-WWII, kept global peace and was much more effective

World Bank and International Monetary Fund

international economic institutions to prevent depression and regulate the global economy

Rwandan Genocide

the Hutsu and Tutsi had peaceful relations but then colonists turned natives against one another

Crimean War

Russia lost to France, Britain, and the Ottoman Empire, which showed Russia it was behind industrially—Russia began to industrialize which led to bad working conditions, low wages, bad housing, and pollution

political buildup to Russian Revolution

communism/Karl Marx, czar abdicated and the Romanovs were killed

Russian food shortages

led to protests and eventually the revolution

October Manifesto

gave Russians civil rights and elections

Duma

Russia’s elected parliament

Bolsheviks

group that took over in the Russian Revolution and created the Red Army

economic results of the Russian Revolution

communism and poverty

political results of the Russian Revolution

Bolsheviks took power, Romanov line ended, people had little power

defeat in Sino-Japanese War and Boxer Rebellion

led to Chinese Revolution

foreign occupation in China

spread democratic ideals from foreign countries and caused the Chinese Revolution

Great Leap Forward

caused famine in China (but Mao Zedong refused to admit it was going poorly)

Republic of China

result of Chinese Revolution

Mao Zedong

harsh rule in China, led the Great Leap Forward

Deng Xiaoping

ruler after Zedong, still Communist but less harsh

economic results of Chinese Revolution

industries expanded, collectivization (no more private property), poverty, starvation

political results of Chinese Revolution

dynasties ended, socialism replaced with communism, anti-foreign influence (isolationist)

neocolonialism

US dominated Latin America, controlled their industries, and used force to defend economic interests

Porfoirio Diaz and Francisco Madero

bad leaders that caused the Mexican Revolution

Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata

leaders of peasant armies that attacked plantations and wanted peasants to have land in the Mexican Revolution

soldaderos

women gained roles in the Mexican Revolution as nurses and fighters

leaders after the Mexican Revolution

Madero was overthrown and killed, then replaced with Huerta, who was overthrown (with Wilson’s help)

economic results of Mexican Revolution

land redistributed, not fully industrialized

political results of Mexican Revolution

bad leaders, new constitution (work laws, male suffrage, secularlization of education, redistribution of land)