A&P 2 Chapter 24: Metabolism and Nutrition

What reaction is the breaking down of molecules to release energy?

catabolic

What reaction is the productions of larger molecules by using energy from catabolism?

anabolic

If net energy is positive, we ___________________.

store energy

If net energy is negative, we ___________________________.

use stored energy

Energy is released from what in catabolic reactions?

chemical bonds

About 40% of the energy released from catabolism is transferred to ______ and 60% is given off as _______.

ATP; heat

What is an adenine, a ribose, and a phosphate groups and breaks down into ADP and an inorganic P?

ATP

____________________ break down to glucose which is the most common fuel for ATP.

Carbohydrates

____________ is used for fuel, stored as glycogen, or converted into fat

Glucose

Fat is stored and triglycerides are used for energy in ___________________________.

beta oxidation

____________ breaks down into amino acids which can build other proteins or be used for energy.

Protein

Monosaccharides form ___________________________.

polysaccharides

Fatty acids form _________________________.

triglycerides

Amino acids form _________________.

proteins

Nucleotides form ____________________________.

nucleic acids

Cortisol, glucagon, and epinephrine are what kind of hormones?

catabolic

Growth hormone, IGF, insulin, testosterone, and estrogen are what kinds of hormones?

anabolic

Oxidation is ______________________________.

losing or donating an electron

Reduction is _________________________________.

gaining an electron

In what reaction does the electron pass between molecules and the donor is oxidized and the recipient is reduced?

redox reaction

What happens when cells take up glucose in response to insulin?

glycolysis

Glycolysis uses 2 ATP to form ___ ATP, ___ NADH molecules, and ____ pyruvate molecules.

4;2;2

Pyruvate will continue on to the Krebs cycle if what is present?

oxygen

Respiration where pyruvate is converted to lactic acid which generates 1 ATP and lets glycolysis continue is called?

anaerobic respiration

The type of respiration when pyruvate enters the Krebs cycle, electrons are passed to the electron transport chain, and more ATP is produced is called?

aerobic respiration

In the Krebs cycle, pyruvate moves into matrix of the mitochondria and is metabolized by what?

enzymes

Pyruvate becomes what in the Krebs cycle?

acetyl CoA

Acetyl CoA combines with what to form citric acid?

oxaloacetate

________________ breaks down through the Krebs cycle until it becomes oxaloacetate again.

Citric acid

NADH and FADH2 pass electrons to the electron transport chain for more ATP and they are known as _____________________________.

electron donors

True or False.

Each citric acid molecule produces 1 ATP, 1 FADH2, and 3 NADH.

True

In ETC, NADH and FADH2 are transferred through _________________________________.

protein complexes

NADH →

NAD+ and H+ and 2e-

As molecules are oxidized and reduced energy is released to pump H+ out of the matrix.

In ETC

H+ now forms a gradient and finds ATP synthase to move back into the matrix causing the complex to __________ and push ADP together with inorganic P.

rotate

Without ______________, electron flow through the ETC ceases.

oxygen

The end result is ____ ATP produced from glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and ETC.

38

_________________________ is making new glucose molecules from pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, or amino acids. Happens in the liver during fasting, starvation, or dieting (low glucose).

Gluconeogenesis

The oxidation of fatty acids for energy is called?

lipid metabolism

During lipid metabolism, ___________________ are broken down and rebuilt after they are absorbed. They travel with cholesterol.

triglycerides

__________ stimulates the release of pancreatic lipase and bile salts (it is also a hunger suppressant).

CCK

The process in which hydrolysis separates the triglyceride into a fatty acids and glycerol is called?

lipolysis

During lipolysis, fatty acids are oxidized into ___________________.

acetyl CoA

After lipolysis, ______________ enters the glycolysis pathway.

glycerol

____________________ happens when excessive acetyl CoA due to the Krebs cycle is overloaded with fatty acids.

Ketogenesis

In ketogenesis, acetyl CoA is used to create what?

ketone bodies

Ketone bodies serve as fuel if ________________ is low.

glucose

Too many ketone bodies break down into what?

CO2 and acetone

Acetone is exhaled and causes breath to be _____________________________.

sweet like alcohol

CO2 decreases blood pH and can lead to _____________________________.

diabetic ketoacidosis

Lipids are formed from excess acetyl CoA if glucose is plentiful. What process is this?

Lipogenesis

Excess protein isn't stored for later so it must be converted to ______________________________.

glucose or triglyceride

Excess amino acids may also be decomposed and form _________________________________.

nitrogenous waste

Nitrogen can be toxic and is processed through what cycle?

urea cycle

In the ________________ amino acid is converted to an ammonium ion.

urea cycle

Ammonium ion enters the cycle to combine with _______ to form urea and water.

CO2

State occurring when your body is digesting and absorbing food, catabolism exceeds anabolism is called? Absorption lasts up to 4 hours.

absorptive state

____________ causes glucose to be stored and stimulates protein synthesis.

Insulin

The fasting state, where food is stored and glycogen is broken down is called?

postabsorptive state

Which state does the body go into "survival mode", first priority is to provide glucose for the CNS and use fatty acids for all other energy needs possible?

starvation

During the starvation state, ________________________ become the primary energy source after several days.

ketone bodies

In the starvation state survival is dependent on what?

fat and protein storage

The process of regulating the temperature of the body is called? It's a negative feedback loop (sweating vs. shivering)

Thermoregulation

During ATP production 60% of energy used creates _______.

heat

A naked human is comfortable at _____ degrees.

84

What is the transfer of heat by contact? 3% of heat is lost this way

Conduction

What is the transfer of heat to the air or water? 15% heat lost this way.

Convection

The transfer of heat via infrared waves is called __________________. 60% heat lost this way.

radiation

____________________ is transfer of heat by evaporating water. 20% heat lost this way.

Evaporation

The ___________________ is the amount of energy consumed minus the amount of energy expended by the body.

metabolic rate

What describes the amount of energy expended at rest, neutral environment, and in the postabsorptive state?

BMR

Energy in minus energy out equals what?

weight gain or loss.

________ calories equals 1 pound of fat.

3500

__________ use more energy to break down and __________ uses the least energy.

Proteins; carbs

Organic compounds needed for biochemical reactions are called?

vitamins

Vitamins A, D, E, and K are _____ soluble.

fat

Vitamins B and C are _______ soluble.

water

Inorganic compounds that ensure proper bodily functions (electrolytes, iron, copper, iodine, etc.) are called?

minerals