SAS 5
Solubilisation
the spontaneous passage of poorly water soluble solute into an aqueous solution of a soap or detergent, in which a thermodynamically stable solution is formed
Hydrotrophy
the increase in solubility in water of various substances due to the presence of large amount of additives
Preservatives
substances which prevent bacterial and fungal growth in liquid
Acidic preservative
examples are alkyl esters of p-hydroxyl benzoic acid, benzoic acid, and its salts. In external use, boric acid and phenols are used
Neutral preservative
examples are chlorobutanol, benzyl alcohol, and phenylethyl alcohol
Mercurial preservative
examples are themerosal, phenyl mercuric acetate or Nitrate
Quaternary ammonium compounds
examples are benzalkonium chloride and cetyl pyridinium chloride
Sucrose
can be obtained in highly purified form
Liquid glucose
an extremely viscous substance which imparts both body and sweetness to liquid formulations
Artificial sweetening agent
produce the desired sweetness at much lower concentration than sucrose
Filtration
a unit operation in which a mixture of liquid and solids, slurry or feed is forced through a porous medium
Filter cloth
woven from synthetic fiber, natural fiber, or metal
Filter cloth
used to strain simple syrup or syrup preparations
Nylon
often superior for pharmaceutical use since it is unaffected by molds, fungus or bacteria
Felt
a fibrous mass free from bonding agents
Bonded fabric
made by binding textile fabrics with resins
Kraft paper
offers controlled porosity, limited absorption capacity, and a low cost
Membrane filter media
the basic tools for microfiltration and are used particularly in preparation of sterile solutions
Filter aids
acts by forming a highly porous and non-compressible cake which retains solids
Gravimetric
limited to very large containers or to highly viscous products
Volumetric
accomplished by pumping of a liquid at a constant pressure
Constant level
uses the container as the means of controlling the fill amount of each unit
Trademark
any work, name, symbol of device placed on his goods to distinguish them from others
Hydrophilic substance
are easily wet by water or other polar liquids and may also greatly increase the viscosity of aqueous suspension
Hydrophobic substance
repels water but can easily be wet by non-polar liquids and do not alter the viscosity of aqueous suspension
Deflocculated system
the dispersing agent used should lower interfacial tension
Spray drying method
produces finely divided particles by spraying mist of the liquid through a heated chamber
Coalescence
the rapid formation of aggregates of emulsion droplets
Flocculation
the result of the interaction of relatively weak particle which may have sufficient emulsifier coverage
Creaming
the separation of emulsified droplets from the continuous phase
HLB
the percentage weight of the hydrophilic group divided by 5 for non-ionic emulsifiers
Defoaming agents
act by displacing the surface film with a film that resists foaming
Tablet
provide the greatest ease of swallowing with the least tendency for hang up above the stomach
Compressed tablet
a solid dosage form containing medicinal substance with or without suitable diluents prepared by various molding technique or by fusion
Chewable tablets
recommended to speed up disintegration by breaking up starting from the mouth and for those who have difficulty in swallowing
Sublingual tablets
those which contain drugs to be absorbed through the oral mucosa
Sublingual Tablets
placed beneath the tongue
Buccal
placed at the side of the cheek or between the lip gum
Implantation tablets
consist of small tablets of compressed drug without excipients and are inserted into the body tissues by surgical procedure
Special oral tablets
multi-layered tablets which are made by the compression of several different granulations fed into a die in a succession
Effervescent Tablets
those that are employed to produce CO2 by chemical reaction of the component upon the addition of water
Wet fusion
the granules are tableted while still damp and citric acid acts as a lubricant
Heat fusion or Dry method
is done by blending all components with the inclusion of 15-25% citric acid monohydrate
Soluble Tablets
prepared by mixing the powders and then moistened with an alcohol-aqueous solution
Specially Coated Beads/Granules of Microencapsulated Drug
the coating consists of a mixture of acute and the drug substance coaled unto small inert beads made up of a combination of sugar and starch
Embedded Drug in Inert Plastic Matrix
the drug is granulated with an inert plastic material and the granulation is compressed into tablets
Hopper
for storing the material for compression
Feed frame
for distributing material into the dies
Dies
for controlling size and shape of tablets
Punches
for compacting the material within the dies
Cams
for guiding and punches
Fluidity
necessary for the transport of the material through the hopper into the feed frame
Compressibility
the property of forming a stable compact mass when pressure is applied
Lactose, USP
most often used diluent because it is inexpensive, stable, does not react with most medicinal substances, and has rapid solubility in the water
Starch
from wheat, corn, rice, and potato used as bulking agents, as binders and disintegrants
Sucrose
sometimes added to provide additional sweeteners but its main use is as a binder due to its cohesive property
Mannitol
a sugar obtained in a powder or granular form with no bound water and is used in chewable tablets
Avicel
the trade name for microcrystalline
Celutab
the trade name for hydrolyzed starch with dextrose
Binders or Adhesives
substances that glue powders together and cause them to form granules
Disintegrants
added to compressed tablets to cause them to break apart or disintegrate when placed in an aqueous medium
Lubricants
it improves rate of flow of the granulation and prevent adhesion of the tablet material to the surface of the dies and punches
Colorants
added to tablets for anesthetic value and to provide control during manufacture and distinguish one product from another
Pastels
are dyes absorbed on Al (OH) and are insoluble in water
Citric acid
is used to accentuate fruit flavors and unmask aftertaste because of the sweet taste
Granulation by Compression
has been used when the active ingredients are sensitive to heat, moisture, or both
Chilonator
it consists of 2 rollers controlled by hydraule grams
Film coated tablets
are compressed tablets coated with a thin layer of water-soluble polymeric substance capable of forming film over the tablet
Capping
the partial or complete separation of the top or bottom of a tablet from the main body
Lamination
the separation of a tablet into 2 or more distant layers
Chipping
the removal of edges of tablets
Picking
the removal of material from the surface of the tablet and its adherence to the face of the punch
Sticking
the adhesion of granulation to the die wall
Mottling
the unequal distribution of color on the surface of the tablet
Strong Cobb tester
measures the applied force in kg required to break a tablet
Strokes Monsanto
consists of a barrel containing a compressible spring held between two plungers
Eureka Instrument
has the breaking force applied by a ham fastened to one end to a pivot
Pfizer Hardness Tester
operates with the same principle as pliers with the tablets crushed in the jaws of the device, and the force is indicated on a dial indicator
Dissolution Rate
the length of time by which substance has dissolved in the media of 0.1 N HCl, buffer or water at 37 degrees Celsius
Disintegration time/Complete disintegration
in which any residue of the tablet except the fragments of insoluble coating remaining on the screen is a soft mass having no firm core
Capsules
one or more medicinal or inert substance are enclosed within a small shell container generally prepared from a suitable form of gelatin
Imprinting
a convenient method by which a company or product identification in formation can be placed upon each capsule
Special purpose capsules
capsules to which a special treatment has been given in an attempt to retard solubility in some manner
Bloom or gel strength
a measure of the cohesive strength of the cross-linking that occurs between gelatin molecules and is proportional to the molecular weight of the gelatin