Exam 4 1st powerpoint A+P 1

what are the three major portions of the brain

cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem

three parts of the diencephalon

epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus

three components of the brainstem

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

cerebellar function - hearing

distinguish pitch and similar-sounding words

cerebellar function - timekeeping center

predicting movement of objects
helps predict how much the eyes must move in order to compensate for head movements and remain fixed on an object

four cerebellar functions

timekeeping center, hearing, planning/scheduling tasks, muscle coordination

cerebellar functions - sensory

evaluation of sensory input
comparing textures without looking at them
spatial perception and comprehension of different views of 3D objects belonging to the same object

cerebellar functions - motor

monitors muscle contractions and aids in motor coordination

cerebellum white and gray matter

white matter branching pattern is called arbor vitae
made up of gray and white matter
gray matter = synapses

cerebellar peduncles

three pairs of stalks that connect the cerebellum to the brainstem
consist of thick bundles of nerve fibers that carry signals to and from the cerebellum

cerebellum characteristics

occupies posterior cranial fossa
marked by gyri, sulci, and fissures
has its own set of meninges and left/right hemispheres

wernicke's area

Located in the posterior superior temporal lobe
puts speech together and helps you understand what other people are saying
speech comprehension

frontal eye field

located in the frontal lobe and controls voluntary eye movements

broca's area

located in the frontal lobe, usually on the left side and it controls muscle movements for speech
puts muscles together to form words (speech, ASL)

sensory fibers from the PNS cross over in the spinal cord or the brainstem what does this result in

sensory impulses from the right side of the body are interpreted by centers in the left cerebral hemisphere and vice versa

where is the smell area of the brain

deep in temporal lobe

where is the taste area of the brain

base of central sulcus and insula

where is the auditory area of the brain

posterior temporal lobe

where is the visual area of the brain

posterior occipital lobe

where are cutaneous senses found in the brain

anterior parietal lobe

language - which lobe

temporal

visual and auditory memory - which lobe

temporal

verbal memory - which lobe

temporal

memory consolidation - which lobe

temporal

language comprehension - which lobe

temporal

learning - which lobe

temporal

emotion - which lobe

temporal

smell - which lobe

temporal

hearing - which lobe

temporal

visual processing - which lobe

occipital

visual awareness - which lobe

occipital

numerical awareness - which lobe

parietal

language processing - which lobe

parietal

spatial perception - which lobe

parietal

visual processing - which lobe

parietal

sensory integration - which lobe

parietal

somatic sensation - which lobe

parietal

cardiovascular homeostasis - which lobe

insula

emotion and empathy - which lobe

insula

consciousness - which lobe

insula

visceral sensation - which lobe

insula

pain - which lobe

insula

taste - which lobes

insula and parietal

speech production - which lobe

frontal

voluntary motor control - which lobe

frontal

social judgement - which lobe

frontal

emotional control - which lobe

frontal

decision making - which lobe

frontal

foresight and planning - which lobe

motivation - which lobe

frontal

mood - which lobe

frontal

explicit memory - which lobe

frontal

abstract thought - what lobe

frontal

functions of CSF - chemical stability

flow of CSF rinses away metabolic wastes from nervous tissue and homeostatically regulates its chemical environment

functions of CSF - protection

protects the brain from striking the cranium when the head is jolted
shaken child syndrome and concussions do occur from severe jolting

functions of CSF - bouyance

allows brain to attain considerable size without being impaired by its own weight
if it rested heavily on floor of cranium, the pressure would kill the nervous tissue

three functions of CSF

buoyance, protection, chemical stability

arachnoid villi - characteristics

cauliflower-shaped extension of the arachnoid meninx

flow of CSF - when small amount of CSF fills the central canal of the spinal cord - what are the three pores it escapes from

median aperture and two lateral apertures
leads into subarachnoid space of brain and spinal cord surface

CSF Flow summary

CSF secreted in lateral ventricles flows through intervertebral foramina into third ventricles
then down the cerebral aqueduct into fourth ventricle
third and fourth ventricles add more CSF along the way
small amount of CSF fills the central canal of the spinal cord - all escapes through three pores
CSF is reabsorbed by arachnoid villi
CSF protrudes through dura mater into superior sagittal sinus
CSF penetrates the walls of the villa and mixes with the blood in the sinus

CSF circulation

CSF continually flows through and around the CNS
driven by its own pressure, beating of ependymal cilia, and pulsations of the brain produced by each heartbeat

step eight in flow of CSF

at arachnoid villi, CSF is reabsorbed into venous blood of dural venous sinuses

step seven in flow of CSF

CSF fills subarachnoid space and bathes external surfaces of the brain and spinal cord

step six in flow of CSF

CSF flows out two lateral apertures and one median aperture

step five in flow of CSF

choroid plexus in fourth ventricle adds more CSF

step four in flow of CSF

CSF flows down cerebral aqueduct to fourth ventricle

step three in flow of CSF

choroid plexus in third ventricle adds more CSF

step two in flow of CSF

CSF flows through interventricluar foramina into third ventricle

step one in flow of CSF

CSF secreted by choiroid plexus in each lateral ventricle

cerebrospinal fluid

clear, colorless liquid that fills the ventricles and canals of CNS
bathes its external surface of brain/spinal cord

ependyma

nueroglia that lines the ventricles and covers choroid plexus
produces cerebrospinal fluid

choroid plexus

spongy mass of blood capillaries on the floor of each ventricle

fourth ventricle

small triangular chamber between pons and cerebellum
connects to central canal that runs down through spinal cord

what connects third to fourth ventricle

cerebral aqueduct that runs through midbrain

third ventricle

single narrow medial space beneath corpus callosum

interventricular foramen

a tiny pore that connects a lateral ventricle to third ventricle

two lateral ventricles

one in each cerebral hemisphere

the four ventricles within the brain

two lateral ventricles, third ventricle, and fourth ventricle

ventricles

fluid filled spaces within the brain - there are four

how is meningitis diagnosed

examining the CSF for bacteria - lumbar puncture (spinal tap) draws fluid from subarachnoid space between two lumbar vertebrae

signs of meningitis

high fever, stiff neck, drowsiness, and intense headache and may progress to coma - death within hours of onset

bacterial meningitis

can cause swelling in the brain, enlarging the ventricles, and hemorrhage

meningitis - which layers are most often affected

pia mater and arachnoid mater

meningitis - cause

bacterial and virus invasion of the CNS by way of the nose and throat - highly contagious

meningitis - who does it effect most

kids in infancy and childhood

meningitis

inflammation of the meninges

pia mater - in the brain

very thin membrane that follows contours of the brain, even dipping into sulci
not usually visible without a microscope

arachnoid mater - in the brain

transparent membrane over brain surface
subarachnoid space separates it from pia mater below
subdural space separates it from dura mater above in some places

cranial dura mater - how are layers separated

dural sinuses - which collect blood circulating through the brain

cranial dura mater is pressed closely against what

cranial bones - no epidural space

inner meningeal layer

continues into vertebral canal and forms dural sac around spinal cord (goes down spinal cord)

outer periosteal layer

equivalent to periosteum of cranial bones (only in skull)

dura mater 2 layers

outer periosteal layer
inner meningeal layer

dura mater - how many layers

2

meninges - three characteristics

lies between the nervous tissue and bone
as in spinal cord, they are the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and the pia mater
protect the brain and provide structural framework for its arteries and veins

meninges

three connective tissue membranes that envelop the brain

tentorium cerebelli

separate the cerebrum from the cerebellum

falx cerebelli

separate the two cerebellar hemispheres

falx cerebri

separate the two cerebral hemispheres

dura matter extensions - what are the three discussed

falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, tentorium cerebelli