Erikson's Stages of Development and Related Theories

Erikson's Eight Stage Theory

Stages of psychosocial development across the lifespan.

Trust vs. Mistrust

Infancy stage focused on developing trust.

Contact Comfort

Preference for physical comfort from caregivers.

Attachment Types

Secure, insecure, avoidant, and anxious attachments.

Temperament

Innate personality traits influencing behavior.

Autonomy vs. Shame and Guilt

Toddlers' struggle for independence and control.

Authoritative Parenting

Encouraging autonomy with established boundaries.

Initiative vs. Guilt

Early childhood stage about taking initiative.

Industry vs. Inferiority

Late childhood focus on competence in school.

Identity vs. Identity Confusion

Adolescence stage of exploring personal identity.

Identity Diffusion

Lack of exploration or commitment to identity.

Identity Moratorium

Active exploration without commitment to identity.

Identity Foreclosure

Commitment to identity without exploration.

Identity Achievement

Exploration followed by commitment to identity.

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Early adulthood challenge of forming close relationships.

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Middle adulthood focus on contributing to society.

Integrity vs. Despair

Late adulthood reflection on life satisfaction.

Vygotsky's Theory

Cognitive development occurs within cultural contexts.

Zone of Proximal Development

Difference between what a learner can do alone and with help.

Social Learning

Learning from interactions with others before cognitive development.

Adult Cognitive Development

Cognitive growth continues throughout adulthood.

Cognitive Change

Continuous cognitive evolution throughout life stages.

Early Adulthood

Peak physical and cognitive abilities from ages 20-30.

Middle Adulthood

Ages 30-60; knowledge accumulation with slower recall.

Late Adulthood

Ages 60 and beyond; decline in cognitive abilities.

Life Experience Skills

Wisdom gained despite cognitive decline in late adulthood.

Childhood Development

Stages include prenatal, infancy, and childhood.

Adolescence

Developmental stage from ages 10-22, includes puberty.

Prenatal Development

Begins as a single cell with 46 chromosomes.

Germinal Period

First 0-3 weeks of prenatal development.

Embryonic Period

Weeks 3-8; formation of neural tube.

Fetal Period

Weeks 8-40; growth of body and organs.

Full-term Pregnancy

Typically 37 weeks; premature before this.

Teratogens

External factors causing birth defects during pregnancy.

Infancy Development

Dendrites grow; learning to crawl and walk.

Puberty

Rapid maturation; starts between ages 10-14.

Estrogen Production

Rapid increase during puberty in females.

Testosterone Production

Rapid increase during puberty in males.

Brain Changes in Puberty

Emotional and reasoning areas develop significantly.

Physical Peak

Occurs in 20s; gradual decline starts in 30s.

Downward Spiral of Aging

Decline in senses and physical recovery in 40s.

Cellular-clock Theory

Cell division limited by telomere shortening.

Free-radical Theory

Aging caused by unstable oxygen molecules damaging cells.

Hormonal stress theory

Stress hormones increase with age, raising disease risk.

Aging brain

Brain efficiency decreases with age, but can improve.

Neurogenesis

Brain's ability to regrow cells in specific areas.

Neuroplasticity

Brain's capacity to rewire itself and neurons.

Gender

Social and psychological aspects of being male or female.

Sex

Physical characteristics defining male or female.

Assigned sex

Sex designated at birth based on anatomy.

Biological sex differences

Genetic variations influencing behavior from infancy.

Social construct of gender

Gender roles shaped by societal expectations and norms.

Gender roles

Expectations for behavior based on gender.

John/Joan case

Nature vs. nurture debate in gender identity.

Circumcision incident

Botched procedure led to gender reassignment experiment.

Gender identity

Personal sense of one's gender, may differ from assigned.

Gender constancy

Understanding that gender remains stable over time.

Children's gender roles

Children often adopt societal gender roles despite discouragement.

Societal norms

Cultural rules influencing gender stereotypes and roles.

Environmental factors

External influences shaping gender identity and roles.

Biological factors

Genetic influences affecting gender identity and behavior.

Non-heteronormativity

Sexual orientations outside heterosexual norms.

Sexual orientation

Attraction patterns formed by genetics and environment.

Gallup 2021 survey

Data on sexual identity across generations.

Generation Z

Individuals born between 1997-2003.

Millennials

Individuals born between 1981-1996.

Baby boomers

Individuals born between 1946-1964.

Traditionalists

Individuals born before 1946.

Sexual orientation

Developed through genetics, hormones, and social influences.

Parenting style

Influences the development of sexual orientation.

Gender identity

Personal sense of one's gender, affecting orientation.

Societal overgeneralizations

Stereotypes about genders impacting sexual orientation.

Developmental norms

Cultural expectations shaping sexual orientation development.

Gender constancy

Understanding one's gender remains stable over time.

Kohlberg's moral dilemma

Scenario illustrating moral reasoning stages.

Preconventional morality

Focus on avoiding punishment and gaining rewards.

Conventional morality

Adhering to societal expectations and norms.

Postconventional morality

Prioritizing moral principles over societal rules.

Gilligan's critique

Kohlberg's theory lacks consideration of women's perspectives.

Moral reasoning evolution

Shifts from legal to moral considerations with maturity.

Kohlberg's research method

Utilized moral dilemmas to assess moral reasoning.

Preoperational stage

Cognitive development stage before logical reasoning.

Stages of dying

Kubler-Ross's model outlining emotional responses to death.

Denial stage

Initial refusal to accept the reality of dying.

Anger stage

Frustration and resentment towards the situation.

Bargaining stage

Attempting to negotiate for more time.

Depression stage

Deep sadness and withdrawal from life.

Acceptance stage

Coming to terms with the reality of death.

Theory of grieving

Bonanno's framework for understanding grief responses.

Resilience in grief

Quick recovery following brief periods of sadness.

Chronic dysfunction in grief

Long-term sadness leading to depression.

Delayed grief

Sadness occurring long after the loss.