Motivation and Wellbeing Test
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36 Terms
What is the definition for motivation?
The conscious or unconscious drive leading the behaviours that individuals initiate, direct and maintain.
What are the four sources of motivation, their definitions and an example?
Physiological: Sources of motivation necessary for survival e.g. food
Cognitions: Motivation derived from cognitions e.g. beliefs
Emotions: Stem from trying to avoid pain or gain happiness e.g. anger
Social: Motivation that stems from our need to be with others, develop social relationships and belong to groups e.g. friends
Who were the scientists and what year did they create the Self-Determination Theory?
Deci and Ryan 1985
What is the main theory of the Self-Determination Theory?
People are motivated to learn, grow and change their lives, if their three basic psychological needs for motivation are satisfied.
What are the three psychological needs in the Self-Determination Theory and their definitions?
Autonomy: The need to feel in control of our own actions.
Competence: The need for mastery of a task and wanting to be good at the things we’re interested in.
Relatedness: The need to form social connections and be part of positive relationships with others.
What are the strengths of the Self-Determination Theory?
It is accepted across all cultures because the three fundamental needs of motivation are universal.
What are the limitations of the Self-Determination Theory?
The multiple components in the theory are complex and may limit our understanding of the theory and our ability to apply it.
How well can the Self-Determination Theory be applied to real world context?
The multiple components in the theory are complex and may limit our understanding of the theory and our ability to apply it.
Who was the scientist and what year did they create the Six Factor Model of Wellbeing?
Carol Ryff 1989
What is the definition of eudaimonia?
A combination of wellbeing, happiness and flourishing, it is the ultimate goal of a human being.
What are the six dimensions of wellbeing, according to Ryff, and their definitions?
Self-acceptance: Possesses a positive attitude towards the self; acknowledges and accepts multiple aspects of the self.
Positive Relations With Others: Have satisfying and trusting relationships with others; are concerned about the welfare of others; are capable of strong empathy, affection and intimacy.
Autonomy: Self-determining and independent; are able to resist social pressures to think and act in certain ways.
Environmental Mastery: Sense of mastery and competence in managing the environment; and are able to choose or create contexts suitable to your personal needs and values
Purpose in Life: You have goals in life and a sense of direction; hold beliefs that give life purpose; and have aims and objectives for living.
Personal Growth: You have a feeling of continued development; are open to new experiences; are changing in ways that reflect more self-knowledge and effectiveness.
What are the strengths of the Six Factor Model of Wellbeing?
It encompasses multiple dimensions of wellbeing.
Highlights the importance of personal growth and self-actualisation; provides a framework for psychological flourishing.
Theory is supported empirically via the Psychological Wellbeing Scale.
What are the limitations of the Six Factor Model of Wellbeing?
Additional factors such as social and economic factors are not included
May be culturally biased towards Western individualistic values
Some dimensions cans be difficult to measure objectively
There is minimal negative considerations such as how people cope with adversity and hardship
How well can the Six Factor Model of Wellbeing be applied to real world context?
Been used to explore the ways in which the quality of sleep impacts psychological wellbeing.
Who was the scientist and what year did they create each version of the Hierarchy of needs?
Maslow 1954 and 1970
What are D-needs according to Maslow?
Deficiency needs, motivation decreases as needs are met (e.g. physiological, safety, love/belonging and esteem)
What are B-needs according to Maslow?
Growth needs, motivation increases as needs are met (e.g. self actualisation)
What are the five stages of Maslow’s 1954 theory and examples?
Self-actualisation: morality, creativity, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts
Esteem: self-esteem, confidence, respect, achievement
Love/Belonging: friendship, family, inclusion, affection
Safety: security of body, employment, resources, health and property
Physiological: breathing, food, water, sleep, shelter
What are the additional three stages of Maslow’s 1970 theory and their definitions?
Level 5- Cognitive Needs: the mental process of gaining knowledge and understanding through the sense, personal experience and mental ability. There is a desire to gain knowledge through curiosity and a goal to understand.
Level 6- Aesthetic Needs: appreciation and search for beauty, balance and form e.g. symmetry, rightness, delight and perfection
Level 8- Transcendence Needs: the experience of going beyond the limitations of physical human experience e.g. contributing to humanity rather than focusing on the self, being accepting, loving and honest
What are the strengths of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?
Focused on the positive dimensions of personality (unlike other personality theories)
Provides a complete (not necessarily accurate) picture of how the healthy personality develops and provides an explanation for the development of an unhealthy personality
Some of the ideas put forward in various theories have become a part of various approaches to counselling still used today
What are the limitations of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?
Sample of participants Maslow interviewed was small and purposefully selected to be made up of those he believed to have self-actualised. So the theory is based on subjective measures.
Simplistic, idealistic and vague ideas about personality - very few can be scientifically tested
Biased towards Western cultures
Unrealistic in its view of the world as it doesn’t recognise human beings capacity for pessimism or evil
What is the definition for motivation?
The conscious or unconscious drive leading the behaviours that individuals initiate, direct and maintain.
What are the four sources of motivation, their definitions and an example?
Physiological: Sources of motivation necessary for survival e.g. food
Cognitions: Motivation derived from cognitions e.g. beliefs
Emotions: Stem from trying to avoid pain or gain happiness e.g. anger
Social: Motivation that stems from our need to be with others, develop social relationships and belong to groups e.g. friends
Who were the scientists and what year did they create the Self-Determination Theory?
Deci and Ryan 1985
What is the main theory of the Self-Determination Theory?
People are motivated to learn, grow and change their lives, if their three basic psychological needs for motivation are satisfied.
What are the three psychological needs in the Self-Determination Theory and their definitions?
Autonomy: The need to feel in control of our own actions.
Competence: The need for mastery of a task and wanting to be good at the things we’re interested in.
Relatedness: The need to form social connections and be part of positive relationships with others.
What can happen if the three needs are not fulfilled?
Amotivation
A need for extrinsic rewards to learn or make changes
Feelings of little control of their lives
No sense of self-determination
Poor mental health
What are the two main types of motivation that shape who we are and how we behave, what are their definitions and an example?
Extrinsic: Motivation from outside of you, often involving offers of reward e.g. learning a skill because your job requires it.
Intrinsic: Motivation from inside you, often involving a drive for fulfillment and growth resulting in excitement, persistence and an improved performance. e.g. playing cards because you enjoy the challenge
What is the theory for external motivation?
Organismic Integration Theory (OIT)
What is the theory for internal motivation and its use?
Cognitive Evaluation Theory (CET). Can be used to predict whether an external event will affect an individual’s intrinsic motivation.
What are the four levels of OIT and their definitions?
Level 1: External Regulation — Involuntary motivation where we take on a particular behaviour because we have to
Level 2: Introjection — Voluntary decision to take action but we don’t think of it as our own
Level 3: Identification — Voluntary motivation where we take action as we value the goal or find it important
Level 4: Integration — Voluntary decision and the behaviour has become a part of who we are
What are the three statements of CET?
External events that increase independence increase intrinsic motivation
External events that increase competence increases intrinsic motivation
If an event is controlling it will decrease intrinsic motivation
What is the definition of amotivation and when do people become amotivated toward a behaviour?
A lack of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Caused when the environment does not allow for the behaviour to be carried out competently.
What are the strengths of the Self-Determination Theory?
It is accepted across all cultures because the three fundamental needs of motivation are universal.
What are the limitations of the Self-Determination Theory?
The multiple components in the theory are complex and may limit our understanding of the theory and our ability to apply it.
How well can the Self-Determination Theory be applied to real world context?
The multiple components in the theory are complex and may limit our understanding of the theory and our ability to apply it.