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Developmental Psychology
Branch of psychology that studies the changes during the lifespan
app: from womb to tomb
Zygote
Fertilized egg; turns into an embryo after 2 weeks of rapid cell division
app: egg + sperm
Embryo
The developing human 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month
app: advanced zygote
Fetus
A developing human from 9 weeks after conception to birth
app: advanced embryo
Teratogens
Agents that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
app: chemicals and viruses
FAS (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome)
Physical and cognitive abnormalities in kids caused by pregnant women's drinking
app: beer baby
Habituation
Less response to stimulus with more exposure to stimulus
app: used to it
Maturation
Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience
app: growing up
Cognition
All mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
app: brain processes
Schema
Concept or framework that organizes and interprets info. An explanation for the world. (Example: All four legged animals are cows)
app: assimilation
Assimilation
Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schema. Putting new ideas/experiences into our schemas. (Trying to call a moose a cow because it has four legs)
app: application of schema
Accommodation
Adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
app: opposite of belief perseverance
Sensorimotor Stage
Stage from birth to about 2 years where infants know the world mostly through sensory impressions and motor activities
app: physical learning
Object Permanence
Knowing something's still there even when you can't see it
app: concept of peek-a-boo
Preoperational Stage
Stage from 2 to about 6 or 7 where child learns to use language but doesn't yet understand concrete logic
app: talking but not making a lot of sense
Conservation
Principle that properties of mass, volume, and space/number remain the same despite changes in forms of objects
app: knowing that the two glasses have the same amount of liquids even though one looks taller
Egocentrism
Preoperation child's difficulty taking another point of view.
app: "Do you have a brother?" 'Yes' "Does your brother have a brother?" 'No'
Theory of Mind
An inference of one's own and other's thoughts/feelings/perceptions used to predict. Early non-egocentrism.
app: When a kid around 4 or 5 is shown that a box of Band-Aids has pencils instead of Band-Aids, they, now being a little bit older, will anticipate that if their friend who didn't know the answer will guess that the box has Band-Aids. 3 year olds anticipate that their friends will assume that there are pencils in the box, since they have egocentrism
Concrete Operational Stage
Stage from about 6 or 7 to 11 years where kids can think logically about concrete events and understand conservation
app: understand amounts
Formal Operational Stage
Stage beginning at around age 12 where kids can think logically about abstract concepts. They understand that Mary is in school if John is in school when told prior that if John is in school that Mary is in school
app: understand faith
Autism
Disorder that appears in childhood that shows deficient communication and social interaction alongside difficulty understanding other's states of mind.
App: They might not understand that a person with a pouting face means that they're upset
Stranger Anxiety
Fear of strangers infants develop at around 8 months
app: Conscious of who is holding them (that it is not their parent)
Attachment
Emotional tie with another person
app: relationship
Critical Period
Optimal period shortly after birth where an organism's exposure to stimuli/experiences produce proper development.
app: Point where children start to make attachments. Before imprinting
Imprinting
Process where certain animals form attachments during critical period
app: bird to that one guy
Temperament
Person's characteristic reactivity and intensity. How much they react
app: Having high of this means more crying and screaming, and low of this meaning less of the crying and screaming
Basic Trust
Sense that world is predictable and trustworthy.
app: formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers
Self-Concept
An understanding and evaluation of who we are
app: identity
Gender
Biologically and socially characteristics which people define "male" or "female"
Aggression
Physical and verbal behavior intended to hurt someone
X Chromosome
Sex chromosome in both genders. Girls have one, guys have two. When both parents give this chromosome, you get a girl
Y Chromosome (9)
Male only sex chromosome.
app: When the father gives this chromosome with the mother given chromosome, you get a boy
Testosterone (9)
Most important male sex hormone. Extra of this hormone in males causes penis development/growth in the fetus and development of sexual characteristics during puberty
app: boy cooties
Role (9)
Set of norms/expectations/status quo about social position.Defines how those in position ought to react
Gender Role (9)
Set of expected behaviors for males or females
app: not always bad, but should be countered s
Gender Typing
Acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role
Gender Identity
Our sense of being male or female
Social Learning Theory (9)
Theory that we learn social behavior by observing, imitating, and by being rewarded or punished
app: Anne watched Will and Sarah use a sp
Adolescence
Transition period from childhood to adulthood; from puberty to independence
app:
Puberty (9)
Period of sexual maturation. Period where person can reproduce
Primary Sex Characteristics
Reproductive organs and external genitalia. Body structures that make reproduction possible
App: ovaries, testicles, penis, vagina
Secondary Sex Characteristics
Non-Reproductive sexual characteristics
App: breasts, hips, male voice, body hair
Menarche
A girl's first period
app: intro to womanhood or whatever, more like intro to hell (jk jk but)
Identity
Our sense of self
App: Erikson says that the adolescent achieves this by testing and integrating various roles
Social Identity
The "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part that comes from our group memberships.
app: who we are in a group
Intimacy
In Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood.
app: the ability to love
autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors.
app: the. tism.
Emerging Adulthood
For some people, the bridge between adolescent dependence and adulthood. Period is from late teens to mid twenties
app: college kids
Menopause
End of menstrual cycle.
app: when you can't have babies anymore
Cross-Sectional Study
Study where people of different ages are compared with one another
app: boomers vs gen x
Longitudinal Study
Research where the same people are restudied and retested over a long period of time
Crystallized Intelligence
Our gathered knowledge and verbal skills. This tends to increase with age
Fluid Intelligence
Our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood
Social Clock
The right time/culturally preferred timing to do social events like marry or have kids
app: 20s-30s for getting married
Albert Bandura
Canadian-American psychologist and a professor of social science in psychology at Stanford University.
app: Bobo doll experiment
Lawrence Kohlberg
proposed alongside Piaget that moral reasoning guides moral actions.
app: developing morality
Erik Erikson
Theorist that contended that each stage of life has its own psychosocial task, a crisis that needs resolution, 1963
app: crisis stages
Sigmund Freud
Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis
app: “The healthy adult is one who can love and work.”
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