Biology Chapter 17 - Central Dogma of Biology

I wanna die

What name is given to the process in which a strand of DNA is used as a template for the manufacture of a strand of mRNA?

transcription

What name is given to the process in which the information encoded in a strand of mRNA is used to construct a protein?

translation

Removal of introns through splicing would be an example of ____________?

RNA processing

What is the definition of the genetic code?

the set of rules by which information encoded in DNA is translated into the amino acid sequence of proteins

Transcription takes place in the _____________; translations takes place in the ______________.

nucleus; cytosol

What is the order of steps from gene to protein?

 transcription – mRNA – export from the nucleus – mRNA binding to ribosome – translation 

What enzymes are involved in Transcription?

RNA polymerase

What enzymes are included in translation?

Peptidyl transferase

What is the purpose of transcription?

to make a RNA copy of a gene's DNA sequence

What is the difference between a codon and an anticodon?

A codon is the 3 nucleotide sequence in mRNA while anticodon is the 3 nucleotide sequence in tRNA

Prokaryotic DNA

In bacteria; transcription and translation in the same place and can be simultaneous

Eukaryotic DNA

In animals and plants; transcription is in the nucleus while translation is in the cytoplasm; several processing steps for mRNA before used in translation

What is the purpose of translation?

for mRNA to be read and translated into a sequence of amino acids (to make proteins)

Purpose of promoter

indicates where transcription should start

Base pairs for DNA

A and T; C and G

Base pairs for RNA

A and U; C and G

Difference between 5’ end and 3’ end on DNA

5' end has a phosphate group; 3’ end has a free hydroxyl group

What are exons? introns?

exons are the coding parts of mRNA and introns are non-coding sequences

Introns must be _____ and exons must be _________.

cut; rejoined/left

mRNA processing

an enzyme adds a long string of adenine nucleotides to the 3’ end (poly-A tail); another enzyme adds a modified guanine nucleotide to the 5’ end (5’ cap)

Direction of transcription in DNA

5’ to 3’

What is the effect of a deletion mutation?

Alters the entire sequence by changing every reading

What is the effect of a substitution mutation?

Only changes the reading of one portion of the sequence

What is the final product of Transcription?

RNA transcript

What is the final product of Translation?

Proteins

The enzymes that pair tRNAs with their cognate amino acids for decoding mRNAs

Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases

Spliceosomes are composed of _____.

small RNAs and proteins