WGU D662 Exam 2025 | Updated Questions and Correct Answers | Graded A+ | Verified Answers | Western Governors University

a federal law that helps students with disabilities receive the support they need to succeed in school

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

A principle of IDEA that guarantees that students with disabilities can access educational services that are tailored to their needs without incurring cost

Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE)

Personalized plans outlining educational goals and support services for each student with a disability

Individualized Education Programs (IEP)

a principle of IDEA that aims to include students with disabilities in general education classrooms to the maximum extent feasible

Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)

eligibility for special education services under the IDEA depends on whether the child's condition adversely impacts their education and falls within one of the 13 specific eligibility categories outlined by the law

13 Eligibility Categories Under IDEA

Classrooms that cater to all learning styles by employing various teaching strategies; an approach that not only tailors teaching for individual learners but also fosters a sense of belonging and acceptance among all students

Inclusive Classrooms

A student spends the entire school day in a general education classroom but receives additional support and services such as tutoring, assistance from aides, specialized technology, related services, or accommodations.

General Education Classroom with Support

a student splits their time between a general education classroom and a special education setting; they may receive individual or small-group instruction in a separate classroom or be pulled out of class for certain services while spending most of their day in the general education setting

Partial Mainstream/Inclusion Classroom

students participate in a specialized instructional program tailored to their specific learning needs

Special Education Class

Placing a student in a program outside the local school district, such as private schools, residential programs, or hospital programs

Specialized Program Outside of the School District

Adjusting teaching methods to meet individual student needs

Differentiated Instruction

An educational framework for designing flexible learning environments and curricula that provide all students-including those with diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds- equitable access to learning opportunities.

Universal Design for Learning (UDL)

a variety of duties and expectations placed on general educators to ensure compliance with legal mandates and effectively support students with disabilities in inclusive classroom settings

Roles and Responsibilities of General Education Teachers

Standards teachers must adhere to in order to support all students effectively

Council for Exceptional Children's Standards for Professional Practice

a variety of duties and expectations placed on special education teachers to use evidence, instructional data, research, and professional knowledge to inform practice and advocate for professional conditions and resources that will enhance learning outcomes for individuals with exceptionalities

Roles and Responsibilities of Special Education Teachers

a civil rights law that ensures that students with disabilities have equal access to education; prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities in any program or activity that receives federal financial assistance

Section 504

provide accommodations and supports that remove barriers to learning and ensure equal access to education for students with disabilities

504 Plans

Changes or supports that help students access the same learning materials and complete the same assignments as their peers

Accommodations

A change to the content and skills that students are expected to learn or master

Modifications

schools receiving federal funds must ensure equal educational access and provide reasonable accommodations for students with disabilities

Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973

federal legislation that focuses explicitly on English language acquisition to support academic success for ELs

Title III

Individuals who are learning English as a second (or third, etc.) language and thus have varying levels of proficiency in English and may need additional support to access the curriculum

English Learners

Students with language barriers that can hinder their academic progress

Limited English Proficiency

individuals who are aged 3 through 21, not born in any state, and have not been attending schools in any state for more than 3 full academic years

Immigrant Children and Youth

federal legislation that funds support for language instruction educational programs for English learners

Title III Language Instruction for English Learners and Immigrant Students

helps determine students needing language support services upon enrollment

Home Language Survey

typically fall under federal laws, such as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA), and state-level education laws and policies; these programs are structured initiatives designed to facilitate the learning and acquisition of a particular language, focusing on aspects such as vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation, and cultural context

Language Instruction Educational Programs (LIEP)

provides extra help to students who need it because of differences in how they learn or behave; this help is tailored to each student's needs, is documented in an IEP, and may include different teaching methods, unique materials, or extra support in the classroom

Special Education

A condition that affects a person's body or mind, resulting in activity limitation (when certain activities are more challenging) and participation restrictions (limits to their interaction with the world around them)

Disability

When something is wrong with a person's body or mind like losing a limb, vision, or memory

Impairment

Difficulties with tasks such as seeing, hearing, walking, or solving problems

Activity Limitation

limitations on everyday activities like working, socializing, enjoying recreational activities, or getting healthcare

Participation Restrictions

Impedes a person's ability to move around freely or perform certain tasks independently due to limitations in physical function or mobility; can manifest as difficulty walking, standing, or using limbs effectively to grasp or lift objects.

Physical Disability/ Mobility Impairment

Devices and tools designed to enhance independence and accessibility for individuals with mobility or physical impairments

Assistive Technology

a condition that affects one or more of the senses, including sight, hearing, touch, taste, or smell

Sensory impairment

A range of medical conditions that adversely affect a person's health and educational performance; examples of OHI include ADHD, asthma, and epilepsy

Other Health Impairments (OHI)

A learning disorder that affects a person's ability to read, write, and spell accurately and fluently.

Dyslexia

A learning disorder that affects a person's ability to understand and manipulate numbers and mathematical concepts

Dyscalculia

A learning disorder that affects a person's ability to write coherently and effectively

Dysgraphia

A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by symptoms of inattention, impulsivity, and sometimes hyperactivity

Attention deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

a developmental disorder that affects communication, behavior, and social interaction

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

A group of disorders that affect a person's ability to move and maintain balance and posture

Cerebral Palsy

A genetic disorder caused by changes in the FMR1 gene, resulting in the absence or deficiency of the FMRP protein; characterized by intellectual disability, learning disabilities, and behavioral changes.

Fragile X Syndrome

Limitations in a person's ability to learn at an expected level and function in daily life

Intellectual Disabilities

A condition of the nervous system that causes people to have tics, which are sudden twitches, movements, or sounds that people do repeatedly and cannot control

Tourette Syndrome

Common mental health conditions that children may experience

Mental disorders

Persistent fears and worries that interfere with children's activities at school, at home, or during play

Anxiety

Persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, or disinterest in activities once enjoyed

Depression

Persistent defiant behavior often leading to significant problems at home, school, or with peers

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)

Involves aggression toward others and serious violations of rules and social norms, which may result in legal issues or injuries.

Conduct Disorder (CD)

Recurring unwanted thoughts and the urge to perform specific actions to alleviate anxiety, even if these behaviors seems irrational

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

A disorder that develops in children who experience severe stress or trauma, leading to symptoms like reliving the event, nightmares, irritability, avoidance, and constantly seeking potential threats

Post- Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Embraces the idea that neurological differences-such as those associated with autism, ADHD, dyslexia, twice-exceptional, and other conditions-are a normal part of human diversity rather than disorders to be fixed

Neurodiversity

refers to individuals whose neurological development diverges from typical or average

Neurodivergence

disorders that cause difficulty forming specific sounds or words correctly or difficulties with fluency, such as stuttering

Speech Disorders

issues with understanding and using language, which may include difficulty in comprehending words, constructing sentences, or expressing thoughts

Language Disorders

Difficulty understanding or producing language due to brain injury

Aphasia

A disorder that affects understanding the meaning of the sounds the ear receives

Auditory Process Disorder

Specialist who support children with language or speech disorders in schools by collaborating with teachers, parents, and caregivers to develop tailored intervention plans for each child's needs.

Speech-Language Pathologist (SLP)

someone whose home language differs from English and whose cultural background may vary from the mainstream culture

Student with Culturally Diverse Needs

describes people who have trouble speaking, reading, writing, or understanding English

Limited English Proficiency (LEP)

students who speak a different language at home and might struggle with English in school

Language Minority Students

helps EL students understand academic lessons in English using activities, visuals, and simplified language; teachers focus on teaching subjects like math and science

Sheltered English Instruction

EL students learn all subjects in English, aiming for quick fluency in the language

Structured English Immersion

uses both the student's primary language and English for instruction, helping them maintain skills in both languages while transitioning to English-only classes

Transitional Bilingualism

Teaches EL students English language skills like speaking, reading, and writing, mainly using English with little support in the student's native language

English as a Second Language (ESL)

Students learn in both English and another language, such as Spanish, to become bilingual and proficient in both languages across various subjects

Dual Language Program

A linguistics expert known for his second language acquisition theory; his theory encompasses five main hypotheses.

Steven Krashen

Krashen's theory separates language learning into two processes: acquisition and learning; acquisition happens naturally, like how children learn their first language by listening and interacting; learning, on the other hand, involves consciously studying grammar rules and vocabulary

Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis

This hypothesis describes how people use what they have learned to correct themselves; the monitor is like a little editor in a mind, checking language use

Monitor Hypothesis

Individuals learn language best when they understand what is said or written.

Input Hypothesis

This hypothesis is all about how feelings affect learning

Affective Filter Hypothesis

Languages have a natural order in which people learn different parts; some components, like basic words and sentences, come first while more complex grammar rules come later

Natural Order Hypothesis

Also known as "the silent period," when the learner absorbs the new language but does not yet speak it

Pre-Production

The individual begins to speak using short words and sentences, but the focus remains on listening and absorbing the new language

Early Production

Speech becomes more frequent, words and sentences are longer, however the learner still relies heavily on context clues and familiar topics.

Speech Emergent

the individual achieves fairly fluent speech in social situations with minimal errors

Beginning Fluency

Communication in the second language becomes fluent, especially in social settings

Intermediate Fluency

At this stage, the individual communicates fluently across all contexts, navigating successfully in new situations and when exposed to new academic information.

Advanced Fluency

A proven teaching method that connects students' cultures, languages, and life experiences with what they learn in school

Culturally Responsive Teaching

A blend of potential and opportunity; a unique blend of cognitive and affective traits; students with giftedness process information quickly, think abstractly, and show intense curiosity; their advanced language skills and original thinking set them apart

Giftedness

Students who have been formally identified as having exceptional abilities or talents in areas such as academics, creativity, or the arts while also being diagnosed with one or more disabilities or challenges

Twice-exceptional