BIO 300 - week 1 lab

phylogenies

The representation of evolutionary relationships among various biological species or entities based on similarities and differences in their physical or genetic characteristics.

clade

monophyletic group; common ancestor and all of its descendeants; a branch of the tree

common ancestor

shared ancestor of species with shared traits

taxon (plural: taxa)

any named group of organisms

node

represents the common ancestor of two descendant taxa

plesiomorphy

ancestral trait

apomorphy

derived trait that is different from the ancestral form.

synapomorphy

shared derived character state (shared by two or more species in the matrix)

autapomorphy

distinctive trait unique to a terminal group (for our purposes we can think one taxon)

ingroup

group of interest

outgroup

group outside of the group in question; serve as reference group

node

represents the common ancestor of two descendant taxa

root

common ancestor of the group

sister groups

two descendants that split from the common ancestor

anaerobe

organisms that metabolize without atmospheric oxygen

aerobe

organisms that require atmospheric oxygen for metabolism

facultative

not stuck in one state

obligate

can only work under certain conditions

photoautotroph

photosynthetic organisms

photoheterotroph

feed by making food using light, consume food molecules

chemoautotroph

feed self by extracting energy from chemical

chemoheterotroph

feed by making food using chemicals, consume food molecules

extreme halophile

can tolerate high salt levels

heterocyst

thick walled, nitrogen fixing cells

vegetative cells

smaller photosynthetically active cells

akinete cells

survival cells, allow bacterium to persist under extreme conditions

anabaena azolle

photoautotrophic, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, cyanobacteria, andosymbiont of the water fern azolla

bacterial mixtures used

tryptic soy agar, macconkeys agar, sulfadiazine, tetracycline(inhibits bacteria growth)

methylene blue

dye molecules have a positive charge and bacterial cell was has negative charge

major bacterial shapes

coccus(spherical), bacillus(rod), spirillum(spiral) , diplo- staphylo-, strepto-, spirochoete(corkscrew), vibrio(comma)