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homeostasis
the existence of a stable internal environment
homeostatic regulation
adjustment of physiological systems to preserve homeostasis
autoregulation
a process that occurs when a cell, tissue, organ, or organ system adjusts in response to some environmental change
extrinsic regulation
a process that results from the activities of the nervous system or endocrine system
nervous system
directs rapid, short-term, and very specific responses
nervous system example
the hand is placed on a hot stove, this system responds by ordering specific muscles to pull your hand away
endocrine system
releases chemical messengers called hormones into the bloodstream
what 3 parts does a homeostatic regulatory mechanism consist of?
Receptor, control center, effector
receptor
a sensor that is sensitive to a particular stimulus or environmental change
control center
receives and processes the information supplied by the receptor and sends out commands
effector
a cell or organ that responds to the commands of the control center and whose activity either opposes or enhances the stimulus
negative feedback
an effector activated by the control center opposes, or negates, the original stimulus
thermoregulation
the relationship between heat loss which takes place mainly at the body surface, and heat production, which takes place in all active tissues, is altered
hypothalamus
thermoregulatory control center, is a region of the brain
What control center receives info from 2 sets of temp receptors (one in skin and one within the hypothalamus)?
hypothalamus
Normal set point of body temp
37 c or 98.6 f
positive feedback
a mechanism that increases a deviation from normal limits after an initial stimulus
example of positive feedback
blood clotting after a cut, labor and delivery
equilibrium
exists when opposing processes or forces are in balance
dynamic equilibrium
each physiological system functions to maintain a state of equilibrium that keeps vital conditions within a normal range
what effector organs are engaged when body temp drops below 37 c?
muscles
what effector organs are engaged when body temp rises above 37 c?
sweat glands
hypothermia
the body loses heat faster than it can produce heat
hyperthermia
the body produces heat faster than it can lose heat
where in the body are temp sensors located?
blood vessels
What are examples of items that are homeostatically controlled?
blood pressure, blood volume, heart rate, blood ph, blood lipid levels, blood potassium levels