Previous ideas of what makes behavior psychopathological proposed by Jerome Wakefield in the 1990s.
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
A manual that defines psychopathology, with the DSM-5-TR being the most current version.
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Medical Model of psychopathology
The approach to understanding mental disorders primarily through medical perspectives, with authors of the DSM being predominantly medical doctors.
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Attenuated psychosis syndrome
An example of a proposed criterion set in the definition of psychopathology.
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Emil Kraepelin
Considered the founding father of the current DSM diagnostic system.
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Multiaxial assessment
A feature of DSM-III that included Axes I-V for diagnosing mental disorders.
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DSM-I and DSM-II
Earlier editions of the DSM that had definitions not scientifically or empirically based, reflecting a psychoanalytic approach.
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DSM-III-R
A revision of DSM-III that continued the multiaxial assessment approach.
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DSM-IV-TR
An edition of the DSM that retained many changes from previous editions but featured significant changes of its own.
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DSM-5
The first substantial revision of the DSM in about 20 years.
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DSM-5-TR
A relatively minor revision of the DSM-5.
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19th century asylums
Many cities established asylums during this time to address unusual behavior.
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Mid-1900s categorization system
A system developed by the U.S. Army and Veterans Administration for categorizing mental disorders.
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Psychoanalytic approach
The approach reflected in the language of DSM-I and DSM-II.
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Data collection in late 19th and early 20th century
An effort to gather information on mental disorders that contributed to later diagnostic systems.
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Significance of definitions
Important for professionals and clients in understanding and diagnosing mental disorders.
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Original authors of DSM
Predominantly white men who contributed to the development of the DSM.
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1 paragraph per disorder
The typical description length for disorders in DSM-I and DSM-II.
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Current DSM editions
Includes DSM-5 and DSM-5-TR, which have retained many changes but also feature significant updates.
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Breadth of Coverage
Some argue expansion too rapid. Potential risks.
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Controversial Cutoffs
Presence of lists of specific symptoms and cutoffs. Some argue cutoffs and criteria have been arbitrarily chosen.
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Cultural Issues
Outline for Cultural Formulation. Diverse authors' input limited to revisions. Critics question extent diverse populations are included. Critics argue Western values embedded in DSM.
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Gender Bias (1 of 2)
Some disorders diagnosed more in men and boys. Others diagnosed more in women and girls.
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Gender Bias (2 of 2)
Critics: diagnoses are exaggerations of gender roles. Empirical studies on clinicians and gender. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD).
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Nonempirical Influences
Political wrangling and public opinion. Health insurance companies. Pharmaceutical companies.
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Limitations on Objectivity
Despite emphasis of empiricism, there is a limit to objectivity. Opinions of experts can be influenced by society.
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Categorical approach
A method of diagnosis that classifies mental disorders into distinct categories.
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Dimensional approach
A method of diagnosis that views mental disorders on a continuum rather than as distinct categories.
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Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) Model
Empirical evidence supports every level. Psychopathology understood dimensionally. Disorders fit in an overarching structure.
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Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) Model
Psychopathology defined biologically. Biological factors cut across multiple disorders. Biological factors exist dimensionally.
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