Chapter 17 The Respiratory System Anatomy ll

Respiratory System

supplies oxygen, gets rid of carbon dioxide; Maintains homeostasis

Gas exchanger

need constant removal of carbon dioxide

Respiratory Organs

nose, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchi, lungs

Upper Respiratory system

located outside of thoracic (chest); nose pharynx, larynx (head cold)

Lower Respiratory System

located almost entirely in the thoracic cavity; trachea, bronchial tree, lungs (chest cold)

Respiratory Mucosa

lines the tubes of the respiratory tree, secretes mucus (goblet cells)

nose

air enters through the nostrils (external nares) into the nasal cavities lined by respiratory mucus

sinuses

lighten the skull; serve as resonant chambers to enhance the production of sound

conchae

shelf-like bones that protrude into nasal cavity on each side

Parynx

the throat; air and food pass through here on its way to the lungs and stomach

Nasopharynx (1)

uppermost part behind the nasal cavities

uvula

closes off nasopharynx during swallowing

Oropharynx (2)

behind the mouth

Laryngopharynx (3)

lowest segment; air and food passes though here on the way to the lungs and stomach

Larynx

"voice box" just below; made of cartilage; largest carilage-thyroid cartilage in the front (Adam's Apple)

Eustachian tube

connects the middle ear; equalization of air pressure

Glottis

space between vocal cords

Vocal Cords

stretch across the interior of the larynx; muscles can pull on cords to make them tense or relax

Tense vocal cords

high pitch

Relaxed vocal cords

low pitch as air passes over them

Epiglottis

cartilage that off the larynx during swallowing (does not work when unconscious); prevents food from entering trachea

Trachea

"windpipe"; only pathway for the air from the larynx; can feel it by feeling the throat about one inch above the sternum; mad of C-Shaped cartilage rings

Bronchi

branch off the trachea, one to each lung

Bronchus

Branches into secondary bronchi leading to bronchioles

Bronchioles

branch off the bronchi; end in clusters of microscopic alveolar sacs, the walls which make up the alveoli

Alveolar Ducts

Branches off the bronchioles into the alvolar sacs (like the main stem of a bunch of grapes)

Alveolar Sacs

group of air sacs that resemble a cluster of grapes

Alveoli

Air sacs (comes in contact with capillary)

surfactant

covers inside of alveoli; reduces surface tension to keep alveoli from collapsing and permit easy air movement in and out of sacs

Lungs

function is breathing; each lobe acts separately and doctors will remove lobes as necessary

Right Lung

3 lobes

Left Lung

2 lobes

Pleura

covers the outer surface of the lung and lines the inner surface of the rib cage

Inspiration

inhalation; moving air into the lungs

Expiration

exhalation

Quite Expiration

ordinarily a passive process; passive as inspiratory muscles just relax

Forced expiration

expiratory muscles contract

gas exchange

The function of the respiratory system is to serve as a:

Larynx, pharynx, and bronchi

Which of the following is an organ of the respiratory system?

nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

The pharynx has a portion known as the:

Larynx (voice box)

The "adam's apple" is part of the:

oropharynx

The palatine tonosils are located in the:

During inspiration:

the instpiratory muscles (diaphragm and external intercostals) are active

residual volume

The air that remains in the lungs after the most forceful expiration is:

medulla and pons

Respiratory control centers are located in the:

laryngitis

A disorder of the upper respiratory tract is:

chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma

Which of the following is a common disorder in chronic obstrucitve pulmonary disorders?

eupnea

normal breathing

apnea

breathing stops for a brief period; this happens to many in their sleep

hyperventilation

rapid and deep respirations

hypoventilation

slow and shallow respiration

Dyspnea

labored or difficult respirations (associated with hypoventilation)

Orthopnea

Dyspnea relieved by moving into an upright or sitting position

Cheyne-Strokes

person alternating between apnea and hyperventilation associated with critical conditions

hiccup

sudden spasm of diaphragm; at the beginning of the inspiration the glottis suddenly closes causing the sound; could be caused by irritation of phrenic nerve, the stomach, or by pressure on parts of the brain

Cough reflex

protection of lower tract; you inhale, then the epiglottis and vocal cords trap the air in the lungs until you forcefully expel it with the source of irritation; Productive (cough up mucus)

sneeze

air trapped then expelled mainly through the nasal passages

SIDS

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome;

Upper Respiratory Infection

so easy to get because we breathe in pathogens; may lead to sinusitis or middle ear infections

Rhinitis

Inflammation and swelling of the nasal mucosa; red, itchy, "runny nose"; can be caused by common cold virus or influenza, nasal irritants, and allergic reactions; can only treat the symptoms

Infectious Rhinitis

common cold

Allergic Rhinitis

Hay fever (not contageous)

Nasal Sprays

Should only be used for a few days because of the "rebound effect", in which the congestion comes back worse (people can get addicted to this)

Pharyngitis

Inflammation or infection of the pharynx (sore throat); can be caused by a virus or bacteria

Laryngitis

Inflammation of mucous lining of the larynx; swelling of vocal cords causes los of voice or "horseness"

Epiglottitis

Life-threatening; caused by Haemophilus influenza type B (Hib) infection; now have a vaccine for this; rare today

Croup

Non-life-threatening; seen in children under 3; caused by pharainfluenza viruses; barklike cough and labored inspirations

Deviated Septum

nasal septum strays from the midline and will block the nasal cavity; surgery can correct; anatomical disorder

Epistaxis

nosebleed; caused by a bump to the nose, rhinitis, or in the winter when the air is dry and the nasal cavity becomes so dry that it cracks easily, brain injury, or other causes; can be cauterized or have the vessels burnt shut

respiratory distress

relative inability to inflate the alveoli

infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)

leading cause of death in premature infants resulting from lack of surfactant production in alveoli; treatment involvs delivering air under pressure and applying surfactant into the baby's airway by a tube

adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

Impairment or removal of surfactant; Inhalation of foreign substances like water, vomit, smoke, or chemical fumes (getting your stomach pumped)

Pleurisy

Inflammation of the parietal pleura; stabbing pain and difficulty in breathing; lining rubs together; can be caused by infections or tumor

Pneumothorax

puncture to the chest wall or rupture makes a hole in the pleura; air rushes into the space and the pressure causes the lung to collapse; fixed by sucking air back out the pluera

Hemothorax

blood in pleural space

Bronchitis

inflammation of the bronchi; most often caused by an infection but can be caused by smoke or chemicals; acute or chronic

pneumonia

inflammation of the lungs inwhich the alveoli and bronchi get plugged with thick fluid; High fever, chills, headache, cough, chest pain; can be caused by a virus or bacteria; virus, have to let it run its course; Bacteria-some forms are fatal; antibiotics can be given

Tuberculosis (TB)

bacterial infection in which protective capsules grow around the bacteria; get it by inhaling or swallowing; can be treated but can cause death; symptoms may include fatigue, chest pain, weight loss, fever, lung hemmorrhage, dyspnea

Influenza

highly contagious respiratory infection; can be severe and fatal

Obstructive pulmonary disorders

obstructs airways, obstructing inspiration and expiration; acute obstructing can be immediately life-threatening

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

can develop from pre-existing obstructive condition; chronic difficulties empting the lungs and pyperventilated chest; productive cough and intolerance of activity

Emphysema

walls of alveoli break down and form large spaces; surface area is reduced; breathing is very difficult; no cure, can cause death

asthma

bronchial air passages narrow due to an allergic, exercise, stress, or other irritants; recurring spasms of the airways accompanied by edema and mucous production

cystic fibrosis

mucus clogs air passages; inherited, mostly in caucasians 1/1600 people; no cure, usually fatal

Transport of gases by blood

concentration of carbon dioxide is higher in the blood capillaries so carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli

tidal volume

volume of air that enters and leaves the lungs during normal breathing

expiratory reserve volume

maximun volume that can be exhaled after exhaling the tidal volume

inspiratory reserve volume

maximum volume of air that can be forcibly inhaled over and obe a normal inspiration

vital capacity

the largest amount of air we can exhale out after deepest possible inhalation

total lung capacity

all of the air in the lungs

hypothalamus

Emotional factors acting through the __ can affect rate of breathing

What to do if someone has hyperventilated

1) calm them down and tell them to just concentrate on breathing very slowly (this allows carbon dioxide levels to build back up)

2) Have them breathe into a paper bag (they breathe carbon dioxide back in which will build the level back up)

stratified squamous epithelium

lines nostrils, vocal folds, pharynx; protective function

Simple squamous epithelium

line alveoli; facilitates gas exchange