micro

Which microbiology pioneer helped to develop a series of postulates used to characterize the causative agent of a particular disease?

Robert Koch

Which cell type contains membrane-bound cellular organelles and has a cell wall made up of chitin?

Fungi

Which field of microbiology involves the relationships between domesticated plants and animals?​

Agricultural Microbiology

Algae belong to the ___ category of microorganisms.

eukaryotes

An ___ would be involved in studying the effects of a specific microorganism’s impact on the rainforest.​

environmental microbiologist

An ___ microbiologist would safeguard the water supply in a particular area.​

industrial

An ___ would study the body’s defenses against different disease-causing microbes.

immunologist

Ignaz Semmelweis required medical students to ___ in order to protect mothers giving birth.​

wash their hands​

What area of microbiology utilizes biotechnology to ensure the safety of food and water resources?​​

Industrial Microbiology

What would a medical microbiologist do?

Examine factors that cause microorganisms to cause disease

Which are true about taxonomy?

Taxonomy was developed by Carl von Linne (Linnaeus)​.

Taxonomy is the science of classifying living organisms into categories.

Koch's postulates are criteria used to establish what?

A specific microbe is the cause of a specific disease.

___ are prokaryotes that have cell walls made of peptidoglycan​.

Bacteria

___ are invertebrate worm-like animals.​

Helminths

___ are acellular obligatory parasites that can infect all organisms.​

Viruses

___ are unicellular, eukaryotic organisms with a complex structure.

Protozoa

This 17th-century Dutch merchant made the first microscope with a magnification of approximately 300x.

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek 

Which best defines culture media in microbiology?

A mixture that provides essential nutrients for cultivating microorganisms

What is the purpose of staining?

Increases contrast 

What type of microscopy would use stains to aid in observing microbes against an illuminated background?​

Bright-field

Which microscope parts allow for the magnification of the specimen?​

Ocular lens

Objective lens

Which molecule serves as the genetic blueprint and carries instructions for protein synthesis in cells?

DNA

Which term refers to a permanent alteration in the DNA sequence of a gene, potentially leading to changes in protein structure and function?

Mutation

During which cellular process is the genetic information encoded in DNA copied into a complementary RNA molecule?

DNA transcription

In translation, what type of molecule carries the amino acids to the ribosome for incorporation into a growing protein chain?

Transfer RNA

The pathway of gene expression is known as what?

Central dogma

Which statement accurately describes the roles of DNA and RNA in cells?

DNA carries genetic information and serves as a template for RNA synthesis; this new RNA then guides protein production.​

Which are mechanisms of bacterial horizontal gene transfer?

Transposable elements​

Transduction

Conjugation

Which type of mutation is most likely to result in the premature termination of protein synthesis, leading to a shortened and nonfunctional protein?​

Nonsense

Which best describes horizontal gene transfer in bacteria?​

The process by which genes are transferred between different bacterial cells.​

A silent mutation occurs during replication, leading to a change in a DNA base pair. How is the effect of this mutation on the resulting protein best characterized?

The protein’s structure remains unchanged and its function is unaltered.​

Which is a general term used to describe an agent that causes mutations in a DNA sequence?​

Mutagens

Which organisms are classified as prokaryotes?

Bacteria and archaea

Which are found in bacterial inclusion bodies?​

Glycogen

Which group of microorganisms is known for producing methane gas as a metabolic byproduct?​

Methanogens

Which characteristics differentiate Gram-negative from Gram-positive bacteria?

Higher pathogenicity due to endotoxins​

Presence of lipopolysaccharide in the cell envelope

Thin peptidoglycan layer​

What is the primary function of bacterial fimbriae?​

Attachment to surfaces

What is the key difference between archaea and bacteria regarding their cell wall structure?​

Archaeal cell walls lack peptidoglycan.​

What is an organism that grows in lower pH conditions called?

Acidophile

Which term describes a microorganism that obtains nutrients by decomposing dead organic matter in its environment?​

Saprobe

Organisms that use inorganic carbon sources (such as carbon dioxide) are known as

autotrophs

Organisms that use organic carbon sources (such as glucose) are known as

heterotrophs

What is the term for microorganisms that can withstand brief exposure to elevated temperatures?​

Thermoduric

Which growth phase requires cells to go through a period of adjustment, enlargement, and synthesis?​

Lag phase

What type of microorganism obtains energy and carbon by breaking down organic molecules?

Chemoheterotroph

During which phase of microbial growth do microorganisms experience rapid and continuous cell division, doubling the population with each generation?​

Exponential growth phase​

What is the main difference between a saprobe and a parasite?

A saprobe derives nutrients from dead plants and animals, but a parasite derives nutrients from living plants and animals.

What term for microbial growth represents the time it takes for a population of microorganisms to double in number under optimal growth conditions?​

Generation time​

Which best describes enzymes?​

Proteins that act as biological catalysts

What term describes an enzyme's complete and functional form, consisting of its protein components and any necessary non-protein molecules, such as coenzymes or cofactors?

Holoenzyme

In cellular metabolism, which inhibitory mechanism involves a chemical binding to a regulatory site to change the shape of the active site?​

Noncompetitive inhibition 

What mimics the shape of the substrate?

Competitive inhibitors

What term refers to the protein component of an enzyme without its associated cofactors or coenzymes?​

Apoenzyme

What fundamental role do enzymes play in chemical reactions within living organisms?​

They decrease the activation energy.​

What is the term used to describe the reactions which break down larger macromolecules into simpler molecules within a cell?

Catabolism

In microbial metabolism, what is the net gain of ATP produced directly through substrate-level phosphorylation in a single turn of the Krebs cycle (also known as the citric acid cycle)?​

2 ATP

Glycolysis occurs in the ___ for both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

cytoplasm

The electron transport system is located in the ___ in prokaryotes, while it occurs in the ___ in eukaryotes.​

cell membrane

mitochondria

In the context of metabolism, which process involves the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring an input of energy?​

Anabolism

Swabbing the skin with an alcohol prep pad prior to injection is an example of:

Antisepsis

Destruction of most microbial life, but often does not kill spore-forming bacteria

Disinfection

Mechanical removal of most microbes from an animate or inanimate surface

Decontamination

Prevents bacteria from multiplying and does not kill bacteria

Bacteristatic

Destruction of all microbial life including endospores

Sterilization

Destruction or growth inhibition of vegetative pathogens on body surfaces

Antisepsis

Kills bacteria

Bactericide/Bactericidal 

Which are the most resistant infectious organisms/particles?

Endospores

What is the primary factor contributing to the development of antibiotic resistance among bacterial populations?​

Overuse of antibiotics​

What process allows bacteria to acquire antibiotic-resistance genes from other bacteria, often through mechanisms like conjugation, transformation, or transduction?​

Horizontal gene transfer ​

Which antimicrobials are effective against a wide variety of microbial types?

Broad-spectrum drugs

Which term is used to describe the community of microorganisms that inhabit a specific environment, such as the human body, often living in symbiosis with the host?

Microbiota

Which mode of disease transmission occurs from mother to child via the placenta or milk?

Vertical transmission​

A condition in which pathogenic microorganisms penetrate host defenses, enter the tissues, and multiply.

Infection

A description of the pathogenicity of a microbe based on its ability to establish itself in a host and cause damage.

Virulence

A microbe that has a parasitic relationship with its host.

Pathogen

The pathologic state that occurs when the infection damages tissues and organs.

Disease

When an infection is localized at a specific site in the body and may serve as a source spreading to other tissues or organs, what is it called?​

Focal infection​

What term describes insect vectors that carry microbes on their bodies?​

Mechanical vectors​

In which pattern of infection does the pathogen spread throughout the body, affecting multiple organs and tissues, often leading to severe illness?​

Systemic infection​

In the progression of infectious diseases, which stage is characterized by the appearance of mild, non-specific symptoms that often precede the full onset of the disease and may serve as an early warning sign?​

Prodromal

What is the term for a toxin that is a component of the outer membrane of certain Gram-negative bacteria and is released when the bacteria are damaged or die, contributing to symptoms of infection?

Endotoxin

What bacterial structure is known to protect pathogens from phagocytosis by host immune cells?​

Capsule

After caring for a patient with an infectious disease, a healthcare worker touches and contaminates a doorknob. A colleague later touches the doorknob and then touches their face, leading to an infection. What term best describes the inanimate object that served as the intermediary in this transmission?​

Fomite

When is an infectious disease classified as an endemic?

Cases occur frequently in one geographic location

What is the study of the frequency and distribution of a disease in a defined population called?

Epidemiology

When is an infectious disease outbreak classified as an epidemic?

There are more instances of a disease than expected.​

How would an epidemiologist classify a scenario where several people develop food poisoning several hours after eating hamburgers at a barbecue?​

Point-source epidemic