Ap Human Geography Unit 2 Test Review

natural increase

Population growth measured as the excess of live births over deaths; does not reflect either emigrant or immigrant movements

crude birth rate

The number of live births per year per 1,000 people.

demographic transition

the change in population based on what happens. higher growth rates while industrialism happens. high birth rates and death rates following plunging death rates, and massive population gain, This is followed by the equalizing of the 2 rates to a low overall level.Ex. What happened to Britain

stationary population level (SPL)

The level at which a national population ceases to grow

population density

A measurement of the number of people per given unit of land

physiological population density

The number of people per unit area of arable(fertile) land

Population distribution (dispersion)

spatial arrangement of organisms (the location of where people live on the earth)

dot map

maps where they use dots to show geographical data.

megalopolis

a region in which several large cities and surrounding areas grow together(large city)

census

the official count of a population

doubling time

The number of years needed to double a population

population explosion

a sudden large increase in the size of a population

crude death rate

The number of deaths per year per 1,000 people.

replacement rate

The number of births needed to maintain the population at its current number.(2.1)

Thomas Malthus

Eighteenth-century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth (geometric/exponentially) would always outstrip increases in agricultural production(arithmetic/liner)

Ex.

Food-2,4,6,8,10

Population-2,4,8,16,32

What did Malthus propose to correct this problem?

Preventative Checks-reduced birth rate

Positive Checks-increased death rate/population contral

What role did the second agricultural revolution play in malthus's theory?

It increased food production due to the advancement in machinery

Demographic Transition Model

The historical change in a population from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates

Stage 1 of Demographic Transition Model

low growth - high birth rate, high death rate, (birth and death rate cancel each other out), and low population growth

-doesn't exist today (ancient counties)

Stage 2 of Demographic Transition Model

high growth - high birth rate, lower life expectancy, less medicinal technology ,large future workforce, less gender equality, more agriculture, less resources/food.

(periphery/under devolved)

Stage 3 of Demographic Transition Model

larger life expectancy/lower birth rate, better healthcare but slow natural increase rate, imposed infastrucre, more equality for woman,

*Shifting for agriculture to Industrialized (ex: China and India/Semi-Periphery counties)

Stage 4/5 of Demographic Transition Model

low/stationary growth - (SPL) low birth rate, low death rate, steady/stationary population growth, less future work force, longer life expectancy, more gender equality, aging population, more health-care/education, well developed infrastructure, more industrialized shifting to service industry tertiary.

Ex. north America/western Europe

Arithmetic Population Density

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

It doesn't tell us how people are distributed/It tells us how densely populated a place is.

The population of a country or region is expressed as an average per unit area. The figure is derived by dividing the population of the areal unit by the number of square kilometers or miles that make up the unit

Physiology population density

The number of people per unit area of arable (fertile) land

It tells us how many people you can feed.

Expansive/pro-natalist policies

government policies that encourage large families (free child care, paid time off, family discounts)

Restrictive/Anti-natalist Policies

Government rules that discourages large family sizes (one child policy, birth contral education, banning child marriages.)

Eugenics

the science of improving a human population by controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristics. When the government favors reproduction with one race, gender, ethnicity, etc.

Epideminology

Study of and relating to illness or disease.

Stages of Epidemiology

1. famine

2. receding pandemic disease

3. degenerative and human created disease

4. Delayed degenerative disease

5. Reemergence of infectious disease

Stage 1/famine

infectious disease, animal attack, war causes death

Stage 2/Receding Pandemic disease

medicine and cleanliness improve illness decline and long life.

Stage 3/Degenerative and Human Created Disease

Life-Style choices/ food we eat as well as exposure to toxins as well as aging cause death.

Stage 4/Delayed Degenerative Diseases

Longest life expectancy, citizens live long healthy lives.

Stage 5/Reemergence of infectious Disease

Covid-19, Super strains created, resistance of medicine

Population Composition

Structure of population in terms of age, sex and other properties such as marital status and education

Population Pyramid

A model used in population geography to show the age and sex distribution of a particular population.

infant mortality rate

The total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year old for every 1,000 live births in a society.

Child Mortality Rate

A figure that describes the number of children that die between the first and fifth years of their lives in a given population for every 1,000 live births

life expectancy

A figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live

AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)

Immune system disease caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) which over a period of years weakens the capacity of the immune system to fight off infection so that weight loss and weakness set in and other afflictions such as cancer or pneumonia may hasten an infected person's demise

chronic disease

a disease that develops gradually and continues over a long period of time. Common in the older population

eugenic population policies

government policies to favor one racial sector

Restrictive Population Polices

Government policies designed to reduce the rate of natural increase