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92 Terms
What factors weakened the League of Nations?
The United States failed to join the league because they were isolationists who wanted to stay out of European affairs.
What was one effect of the strict enforcement of the Treaty of Versailles by the French?
German reparations
How did France plan to collect reparations from Germany during their financial crisis?
Using Ruhr mines and factories
How did Germany get into a financial crisis?
German workers went on strike and started paying their salaries by printing paper money. This made German marks become worthless by 1914.
What did the Dawes Plan do for Germany?
Reduced reparations
Coordinated Germany’s annual payments with its ability to pay
Granted a $200 million dollar loan for German recovery.
What did the Treaty of Locarno (1925) do?
Guaranteed Germany’s new western borders with France and Belgium.
What id the Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) do?
Signed by 65 nations, the pact renounced war as an instrument of national policy.
What are the two factors that played a major role in the start of the Depression
Series of downturns in the economies of individual nations. ex. farm product prices fell rapidly due to overproduction
The U.S. stock market bombed during the 190s and American investors continued to pull money out of Germany. Then in October 1929, the U.S. stock market crashed and in a panic, American investors withdrew more money from European markets, thus declining trade, industrial production, and rising unemployment.
How were democratic governments affected by the depression?
Masses of people were led to follow political leaders who offered simple solutions to their problems in return for dictatorial powers all over Europe which posed a threat to the democracy.
How did the depression affect Germany?
The Weimar Republic that had emerged in 1918 had dealt with runaway inflation and many families watched their life saving disappear, but this became worse when The Great Depression hit. Unemployment had grown to 3M by march and 4.38M by December of 1930.
How did the depression affect France?
In 1932, during a nine month period, six different cabinets were formed as France faced political chaos. In June of 1936, the communists, socialists, and radicals formed the Popular Front government.
What did the French New Deal do?
Gave workers rights to collective bargaining. a 40hr workweek, and minimum wage.
What is collective bargaining?
The right of unions to negotiate with employers over wages and hours.
How did the depression affect Great Britian?
A new government led by the conservatives claimed credit for brining Britain out of its worst stages of the depression by using balanced budgets and protective tariffs.
What was John Maynard Keynes (economist) argument?
He argued that unemployment came from decline in demand, not from overproduction. He believed that governments could increase demand by creating jobs through deficit spending.
What is deficit spending?
When a government pays out more money than it takes in through taxation and other revenues, thus going into debt.
How did the depression affect the United States?
The industrial production fell by almost 50%
There were more than 12M people unemployed
The WPA was established in 1935 and gave people jobs
Workers built bridges, roads, post offices, and airports
The in193 the Social Security Act created a system of pensions to be collected at age 65 by those no longer working.
What did the Social Security Act do?
People over age 65 could get money while retired.
Provided unemployment insurance
Provided welfare payments to other in need
What was the lost generation?
A feeling of spiritual disorientation felt but many artists and authors such as Ernest Hemingway and Pablo Picasso.
What is Dadaism?
An artistic movement that believed in the idea that life has no purpose
What is Surrealism?
An artistic movement that seeks to depict the world of the unconscious
What is the uncertainty principle?
The idea put forth by Werner Heisenberg in 1927 that the behavior of subatomic particles is uncertain, suggesting that all of the physical laws governing the universe are based on uncertainty
What European States remained democratic in 1939?
Great Britain and France
What states were overtaken by Authoritarianism?
Italy
the Soviet Union
Germany
What is a totalitarian state?
A government that aims to control the political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of its citizens.
How did these regimes reach their goals?
Mass propaganda and modern communications.
How were totalitarian states run?
Led by a single leader and a single party where individual freedom was subordinated to the collective will of the masses as determined by the leader.
Who was the leader of fascism in Italy?
Benito Mussolini
What is fascism?
A political philosophy that glorifies the state above the individual by emphasizing the need for a strong central government led by a dictatorial ruler
How did Mussolini convert many to the Fascist Party?
Nationalistic appeals
The middle class fear of socialism, communism, and disorder
What is the OVRA?
Mussolini’s secret police who watched citizens, and enforced government policy thorough newspapers and other forms of propaganda.
How did the fascists promote their ideals?
Youth Groups
Slogans
Traditional social attitudes
Why was the Vatican City created?
It was used to urge catholic Italians to join the regime by recognizing Catholicism as the sole religion of the state.
Who was the leader of Russia?
Vladimir Lenin
What is war communism?
The government controlled most industries and seized grain from peasants to ensure supplies for the army.
What is the New Economic Policy?
Lenin’s new version of the old capitalist society. Peasants were allowed to sell their own produce. Retail stores and small industries that employed fewer than 20 employees could be privately owned.
What state did Lenin create?
The USSR
What is the name of the communists main policy making body?
Politburo
What was Leon Trotsky’s goal?
End the NEP
Launch Russia into rapid industrialization
Expand communism
How did Stalin keep his power?
media and propaganda to create a heroic, idealized image
The press presented him as a powerful, knowing leader
What was Stalin (first two) Five-Year Plan?
Increase the production of military and capital goods (ex. steel)
What is collectivization?
a system in which private farms are eliminated and peasants work land owned by the government
How did collectivization affect Ukraine?
Hoarding food and slaughtering livestock led to widespread famine
Affected Ukraine the most, 2.4-7.5 million people died
“Terror famine” meant to cripple the movement for independence
What are Gulags?
Forced labor camps
What was the Great Purge?
people were mass expelled from all aspects of Soviet life
Affected Jewish people, non-Russians. Engineers, diplomats, union officials, artists
About 8 million people were sent to the Gulags
Many never returned/were executed
What is authoritarianism?
highly concentrated and centralized government power maintained by political repression and the exclusion of potential or supposed challengers by armed force. It uses political parties and mass organizations to mobilize people around the goals of the regime.
Which country remained democratic and did not turn authoritarian?
Czechoslovakia
What was Francisco Franco?
An authoritarian leader from Spain
Who aided Franco’s army in the Spanish civil war?
Germany and Italy
How did the Spanish Civil War end?
Francis forces captured Madrid.
How was Franco’s regime authoritarian?
He favored traditional groups and did not try to control every aspect of people’s life.
His rule was till harsh, he relied on special forces police forces to imprison people who opposed him
What were Hitlers core ideas?
Racism, anti-semitism,
What is the name of the NSDAP militia?
SA/Storm Troops/Brownshirts
How was Hitler Jailed and what book did he write while in jail?
Hitler organized Beer Hall Putsch and it was quickly crushed.
He write Mein Kampf in jail which links extreme German nationalism, strong antisemitism, and anticommunism together by a Social Darwinian theory of struggle.
How did Nazism become popular?
Hitler promised a new Germany that appealed to nationalism and militarism
He expanded the Nazi party and it quickly became the largest party in the Reichstag (parliament)
What did the enabling act do and how did it strengthen Hitler?
This Act gave the government the power to ignore the constitution for four years while it issued laws to deal with the country's problems. It gave Hitler’s later actions a legal basis. He no longer needed the Reichstag or President Hindenburg. This led Hitler to become a dictator appointed by the parliament itsellf.
What is one way that the Nazi’s brought everyone under control?
Purging the civil service of democratic elements and of Jewish people.
terror and violence through the SS
Nazi Youth Groups
What are concentration camps and what was their use?
a camp where prisoners of war, political prisoners, or members of minority groups are confined, typically under harsh conditions
It was used for people who opposed him
What was Hitlers larger goal?
The development of an Aryan racial state that would dominate Europe and the world for generations to come.
How did the Nazi’s pursue a totalitarian state?
Mass demonstrations and spectacles to make the people and instrument of Hitlers policies.
Rallies held yearly to evoke mass enthusiasm and excitement
What is the SS?
Schutzstaffen/Guard Squadrons that were an important force for maintaining order.
What were the two principles of the SS?
Terror: repression and murder (secret police, criminal police, concentration camps, execution squads, and death camps
Adherence to Nazi ideology
What led many people to accepting the Nazis?
They helped end the Depression
What happened at Kristallnacht?
Nazis burned synagogues and destroyed businesses throughout Germany, Austria, and Czechoslovakia.
Jewish people were send to concentration camps and barred from all public transportation, buildings, schools, and hospitals.
How did Marconi’s discovery of wireless radio waves help the Nazis?
Radios were great for reaching the masses.
How did film and other forms of media help the Nazis?
Films were used as a way to spread propaganda that carried the Nazi message.
What were some leisure activities that the Nazi party used to control the people?
Kraft durch Freude
Concerts, Operas, Films
Guided tours and sorting events such as the Olympics
How did the Reichstag fire help Hitler?
The SA became the police
Gave Hitler an excuse for a crackdown against his opposition on the left
What happened during The Night of Long Knives?
Hitler imprisoned and killed most SA leaders and took over the secret police in all of Germany
Who were the Young Turks?
A group of reformers in the Ottoman Empire
What was the final blow to the old empire?
After the Ottoman government allied with Germany, the British sought to undermine Ottoman rule in the Arabian peninsula by supporting Arab Nationalist activities there.
What was the reaction to the Armenian Genocide?
Began in the middle of WW1
The United States (a witness of the Armenia Genocide) had multiple reports the brutal acts committed against the Armenians
The new Turkish republic refused to acknowledge the genocide which caused it to become a prototype for other genocides yet to come.
What did President Kemal do?
Tried to transform Turkey into a Modern State
democratic system was put in place
harshly suppressed his critics
Eliminated elements from the Turkish language and Romanized it
Turkish families had to adopt last names (like Europeans)
Tried to transform turkey into a secular state
What was the caliphate?
the office or dominion of a caliph
How was Persia (Iran) changed?
The discovery of oil attracted foreign interest which increased Oil exports. Most of the profits went to British investors
What did Rezo Shah Pahlavi (Reza Khan) do?
Led a mutiny that seized control of Tehran
Established himself as the king
Introduced a number of reforms to strengthen and modernize the government, the military, and the economic system
Tried to encourage the creation of a Western Style education system
What mandates were instilled by Britain and France?
Iraq and Palestine (GB)
Syria and Lebanon (FR)
How did Saudi Arabia expand?
Oil.
The company Aramco was created and western oil industries increased the countries wealth
What happened in Palestine?
Zionists had advocated that a Jewish state be reestablished in the acient Jewish homeland of Israel
More Jewish people began to migrate to Palestine during WWII
This was the Palestine Mandate
What is the Balfour Declaration?
It expressed support for a national home for Jews in Palestine and assed that this goal should not undermine the rights of non-Jewish people living there or Jewish people in other countries
What motivated African Independence movements after WWI?
Black Africans fought in WWI and did not get independence after the war. Instead, GB and FR were given given Germany’s African colonies.
What kind of reform movements took place in Africa?
Kenya: land redistribution
Kikuyu Association was intent on blocking further land confiscation
Young Kikuyu: Led by Harry Thuku, they protested against the high taxes levied by British rulers
Libya: guerrilla warfare
The Italians established concentration camps and used all available weapons to crush the revolt
Omar Mukhtars death ended the revolt
Who were the main young African leaders?
W.E.B. Du Bois: Make all Africans aware of their own cultural heritage
Marcus Garvey: Pan- Africanism - the unity of all black Africans, regardless of national boundaries
What is the Comintern?
A worldwide organization of communist parties formed in 1919 to advance world revolution. They spread Karl Marx’s message
Strongest nationalist alliance was formed in China
How did Ghandi help India gain independence?
Ghandi believed in civil disobedience and organized mass nonviolent protests against British laws.
What is the Government of India Act?
Expanded the role of Indians in governing. It became a two-house parliament, and 2/3 of its Indian members were to be elected and five million Indians were given the right to vote.
What is civil disobedience?
nonviolent action engaged in by an individual who refuses to obey a law for moral or philosophical reasons.
What is the Indian National Congress?
Sought full independence from Britian
What is the Salt March?
Ghandi organized a peace protest where he walked to the sea with his supporters.
Who was Jawaharlal Nehru?
First prime minister of independent India
What did the Muslim League propose?
The creation of the sperate Muslim state of Pakistan.
What is saibatsu?
in the Japanese economy, a large financial and industrial corporation
Four largest: Mitsui, Mitsubishi, Sumitomo, and Yasuda