APUSH - Kennedy Era/Johnson/1968/Nixon

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Military-Industrial Complex

The close relationship between military establishment and defense industry, warned against by Eisenhower.

Eisenhower's Concern

Potential undue influence, risk of national security being compromised, excessive influence of defense industry on government policies, and the feared pursuit of profit by defense contractors.

Berlin Wall Construction

Built in 1961 to stop emigration from East to West Berlin.

Bay of Pigs Invasion

Objective was to overthrow Castro using Cuban exiles, ending in failure with Cuban forces repelling invaders.

Cuban Missile Crisis Cause

The US discovered Soviet missile sites in Cuba that could target U.S. cities.

Cuban Missile Crisis Resolution

Tense negotiations led the Soviets to withdraw their missiles from Cuba and the U.S. pledged not to invade Cuba and remove missiles from Greece and Turkey. A direct hotline was established between the U.S. and the Soviets.

John F. Kennedy Assassination

Assassinated in Dallas, TX in broad daylight; Lee Harvey Oswald was charged with his murder.

Great Society Goals

Aimed at eliminating poverty and racial injustice.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Prohibited discrimination on the basis of race, sex, color, religion, or national origin.

Johnson's Cold War Policies

Continued the policy of containment, especially in Southeast Asia, with escalation in the Vietnam War.

Criticism of Great Society

Views on civil rights and standards of living led to tension and division, termed the 'Fractured Society.'

Election of 1968

Characterized by the Democratic Convention protests, assassination of MLK Jr. and Robert Kennedy, leading to a divided America.

Vietnamization

Process of withdrawing U.S. troops from Vietnam and increasing South Vietnam's military role.

Nixon's Domestic Policy Initiatives

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) -  Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act

“New Federalism” - Advocating for greater state and local control over government programs

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act

New Federalism

Advocating for greater state and local control over government programs

Détente

A peace agreement used on the Soviets and China where Nixon made historic visits to both countries.

Watergate scandal

A break-in at the democratic national committee headquarters, the Watergate Hotel, later linked to Nixon's reelection campaign.

Nixon's resignation

Nixon resigned because he faced impeachment and loss of political support.

Nixon's presidency impacts

Policies on domestic issues like environment and federalism had lasting impacts.

Gerald Ford's controversial action

When he pardoned Nixon, he was met with national outrage.

Ford's rationale for pardoning Nixon

He said that it was necessary to heal the nation and move past the Watergate scandal.

Economic challenges faced by Gerald Ford

this president faced high inflation and unemployment.

WIN (Whip Inflation Now)

A policy implemented by Ford encouraging public cooperation in fighting inflation and enforcing saving over spending.

The Vietnam war ended with ____________, which was

The Evacuation of Saigon, a final (and failed) withdrawal of U.S. troops from Vietnam in April 1975.

How did Saigon affect the US?

The struggle of the Americans during the evacuation led to a significant blow to their prestige.

Dixiecrats

Southerners who objected to the Civil Rights movement and acts, short-lived.

Strom Thurmond

Nominated by the Dixiecrats, he called for 'complete segregation of the races.'

Brown v Board of Education

Oliver Brown went to court because his daughter had to walk across dangerous train tracks instead of being allowed to attend a nearby white school.

Southern Manifesto

A document signed by 96 of 106 southern congressmen denouncing the Brown decision as a 'clear abuse of judicial power.'

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Prohibited racial discrimination in employment, institutions like hospitals and schools, and privately owned public accommodations.

Freedom Summer

A coalition of civil rights groups launched a voter registration drive in Mississippi, met with violence including thirty-five bombings.

Impact of Freedom Summer

The deaths of two white students focused unprecedented attention onto the government of Mississippi.

The Yippies

a counter culture group that declared plans to disrupt national convention by protesting the Vietnam War