overpopulation
Agricultural Density
total number of farmers per unit of arable land. highest found in Asia. higher in periphery countries because of lack of technology.
Antinatalist policy
those policies who try to curb the population by discouraging citizens from having children. usually a reaction to concerns about population growth exceeding resources.
Arithmetic (crude) density
total number of people per unit area of land. total population/ total land area.
Brain drain
A phenomenon where a country or a place loses young, more educated, and skilled people through migration
Brain gain
A phenomenon where a country or a place gains young, more educated, and skilled people through migration
carrying capacity
maximum population size an environment can sustain
earth’s not detemrined
Child mortality
Deaths of children under five years of age
Crude birth rate (CBR)
# of births in a given year per 1000 people in a given population
Crude death rate (CDR) or mortality rate
The number of deaths per year per 1000 people
demographic transition model (DTM)
represents the shifts in growth that the world’s populations have undergone and are experiencing over time
demography
The statistical study of population and its change
Dependency ratio
The number of dependents in a population that each 100 working-age people (ages 15 - 64 years) most support
doubling time(DT)
The number of years it takes for a population growing at a certain rate to double in size. 70/RNI=DT
Elderly dependency ratio
The number of elderly dependents in a population (usually people older than 64 years of age) that every 100 working-age people must support
Epidemiological transition theory
Seeks to explain how changes in health services and living standard affect patterns of disease
Great migration
The twentieth-century movement of 6 million African Americans from the rural southern states to the cities of the midwestern and northeastern states
infant mortality rate (IMR)
A measure of how many infants die within the first year of their life per 1000 live births
Infanticide
The practice of killing infants
Life expectancy
The number of years a person can expect to live from birth. core >80, peripheral is roughly 50
Migration
The long-term or permanent relocation of individuals, families, or entire communities from one place to another
neo-Malthusians
“earth’s resources can only support a finite population” say scarcity leads to famine and war
Overpopulation
coined by thomas malthus, describes a population that exceeds its sustainable size, or carrying capacity
Physiological density
total # of people per unit of arable land (land that can be used to grow crops)
Population density
#of people occupying a unit of land
population distribution
The patterns in which humans are spread out on Earth’s surface. affects cultural, political, environmental, and economic aspects.
Population pyramid
used to interpret the implications of the changing structure of a population. shows the age-sex distribution of a given population, which shows if it’s growing rapidly, slowly, or declining.
pronatalist policy
encourage births and aim to accelerate population growth also called expansive countriez
pull factors
The attributes of other places that make them appealing to potential migrants
Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)
The difference between the cbr and cdr of a defined group of people. (cbr-cdr)/10
Rural-to-urban migration
When people move from the countryside to cities
Sex ratio
The ratio of the number of men to number of women in a population
worldwide: 101:100
Total fertility rate (TFR)
The average number of children a woman will have during her reproductive lifetime, considered to be from 15 to 49 years of age
Voluntary migration
Migration that is done willingly
Youth dependency ratio
The number of young dependents in a population (usually people younger than 15 years of age) that every 100 working-age people must support
climate
long term-patterns of weather in an area that greatly affects population distribution in direct and indirect ways. averages of temperature, precipitation, wind, etc., year after year
temperate climate
moderate temp and precipitation, more densely populated
landforms
natural features of earth’s surface, influences population distribution.
people prefer to live
in lowlands and near rivers
yangtze of china is a strong ____
econ center
cultural factors that influence changes in population include
religion, the roles and status of women, and familial attitudes regarding marriage and children
migration period
300-700 CE/AD
historical duration of settlements in a region and current population concentration is often ___
linked
subsistence agriculture
when the farming take place is providing crops and livestock for only the farmers families and close community. seen in peripheral and semi-peripheral countries.
which regions of the world does 2/3 of the world population live
South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Western Europe
factors for where people move
jobs, economy, politics, cultural, civil unrest
why did cambodian migration occur
vietnam war and the murder of 2 million people
sex selection
the practice of using medical techniques to choose the sex of offspring
demographics
data about the structures and characteristics of human population
study of demographics
demography
studier of demographics
demographer
fertility
the ability to produce children. influences birthrate of a population
replacement level
# of children per woman necessary to keep a country’s population constant. 2.1=neither growing nor declining. >2.1 = growing. <2.1 = declining
mortality
deaths as a component of population change. reasons include war, famine, lack of health care, high elder population.
less than 10 deaths per year per 1000 ppl is a ____ CDR
low
more than 20 deaths per year per 1000 ppl is a _____ CDR
high
lowest sex ratio
Russia : 86:100. alcoholism and suicide
urbanization
the growth and development of cities.
Thomas Malthus
population growth grows exponentially and will outpace resources like food supply, which growns linearly. his theory was wrong because of modern methods like refrigeration.
Esther Boserup
said that food supply was affected directly by population size
epidemiological transition model
descirbes changes in fertility, mortality, life expectancy, and population age distribution. introduced in early “70s by Abdel R. Omran.
eugenic
population policies trying to get rid of an ethnicity, race
land degradation
long term damage to the soil’s ability to support life. soil exhaustion(depletion of nutrients), deforestation, and infrastructure. leads to famine
Which country/region has highest life expectancy
Japan
which country/region life expectancy
sub-saharan africa