AP Human Geography: Unit 2 Vocabulary: Population & Migration Patterns & Processes

overpopulation

Agricultural Density

total number of farmers per unit of arable land. highest found in Asia. higher in periphery countries because of lack of technology.

Antinatalist policy

those policies who try to curb the population by discouraging citizens from having children. usually a reaction to concerns about population growth exceeding resources.

Arithmetic (crude) density

total number of people per unit area of land. total population/ total land area.

Brain drain

A phenomenon where a country or a place loses young, more educated, and skilled people through migration

Brain gain

A phenomenon where a country or a place gains young, more educated, and skilled people through migration

carrying capacity

maximum population size an environment can sustain

earth’s not detemrined

Child mortality

Deaths of children under five years of age

Crude birth rate (CBR)

# of births in a given year per 1000 people in a given population

Crude death rate (CDR) or mortality rate

The number of deaths per year per 1000 people

demographic transition model (DTM)

represents the shifts in growth that the world’s populations have undergone and are experiencing over time

demography

The statistical study of population and its change

Dependency ratio

The number of dependents in a population that each 100 working-age people (ages 15 - 64 years) most support

doubling time(DT)

The number of years it takes for a population growing at a certain rate to double in size. 70/RNI=DT

Elderly dependency ratio

The number of elderly dependents in a population (usually people older than 64 years of age) that every 100 working-age people must support

Epidemiological transition theory

Seeks to explain how changes in health services and living standard affect patterns of disease

Great migration

The twentieth-century movement of 6 million African Americans from the rural southern states to the cities of the midwestern and northeastern states

infant mortality rate (IMR)

A measure of how many infants die within the first year of their life per 1000 live births

Infanticide

The practice of killing infants

Life expectancy

The number of years a person can expect to live from birth. core >80, peripheral is roughly 50

Migration

The long-term or permanent relocation of individuals, families, or entire communities from one place to another

neo-Malthusians

“earth’s resources can only support a finite population” say scarcity leads to famine and war

Overpopulation

coined by thomas malthus, describes a population that exceeds its sustainable size, or carrying capacity

Physiological density

total # of people per unit of arable land (land that can be used to grow crops)

Population density

#of people occupying a unit of land

population distribution

The patterns in which humans are spread out on Earth’s surface. affects cultural, political, environmental, and economic aspects.

Population pyramid

used to interpret the implications of the changing structure of a population. shows the age-sex distribution of a given population, which shows if it’s growing rapidly, slowly, or declining.

pronatalist policy

encourage births and aim to accelerate population growth also called expansive countriez

pull factors

The attributes of other places that make them appealing to potential migrants

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

The difference between the cbr and cdr of a defined group of people. (cbr-cdr)/10

Rural-to-urban migration

When people move from the countryside to cities

Sex ratio

The ratio of the number of men to number of women in a population

worldwide: 101:100

Total fertility rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman will have during her reproductive lifetime, considered to be from 15 to 49 years of age

Voluntary migration

Migration that is done willingly

Youth dependency ratio

The number of young dependents in a population (usually people younger than 15 years of age) that every 100 working-age people must support

climate

long term-patterns of weather in an area that greatly affects population distribution in direct and indirect ways. averages of temperature, precipitation, wind, etc., year after year

temperate climate

moderate temp and precipitation, more densely populated

landforms

natural features of earth’s surface, influences population distribution.

people prefer to live

in lowlands and near rivers

yangtze of china is a strong ____

econ center

cultural factors that influence changes in population include

religion, the roles and status of women, and familial attitudes regarding marriage and children

migration period

300-700 CE/AD

historical duration of settlements in a region and current population concentration is often ___

linked

subsistence agriculture

when the farming take place is providing crops and livestock for only the farmers families and close community. seen in peripheral and semi-peripheral countries.

which regions of the world does 2/3 of the world population live

South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Western Europe

factors for where people move

jobs, economy, politics, cultural, civil unrest

why did cambodian migration occur

vietnam war and the murder of 2 million people

sex selection

the practice of using medical techniques to choose the sex of offspring

demographics

data about the structures and characteristics of human population

study of demographics

demography

studier of demographics

demographer

fertility

the ability to produce children. influences birthrate of a population

replacement level

# of children per woman necessary to keep a country’s population constant. 2.1=neither growing nor declining. >2.1 = growing. <2.1 = declining

mortality

deaths as a component of population change. reasons include war, famine, lack of health care, high elder population.

less than 10 deaths per year per 1000 ppl is a ____ CDR

low

more than 20 deaths per year per 1000 ppl is a _____ CDR

high

lowest sex ratio

Russia : 86:100. alcoholism and suicide

urbanization

the growth and development of cities.

Thomas Malthus

population growth grows exponentially and will outpace resources like food supply, which growns linearly. his theory was wrong because of modern methods like refrigeration.

Esther Boserup

said that food supply was affected directly by population size

epidemiological transition model

descirbes changes in fertility, mortality, life expectancy, and population age distribution. introduced in early “70s by Abdel R. Omran.

eugenic

population policies trying to get rid of an ethnicity, race

land degradation

long term damage to the soil’s ability to support life. soil exhaustion(depletion of nutrients), deforestation, and infrastructure. leads to famine

Which country/region has highest life expectancy

Japan

which country/region life expectancy

sub-saharan africa