War and warfare (culture)

Land the Spartans captured

Laconia and Messenia

Ratio of number of helots to spartans

7:1

Helots engaged in a major revolt after an earthquake

460s BCE

Perioeci

those who lived around

Jobs of perioeci

Craftsman, traders, land owners

When the perioeci became an integral part of the Spartan army

5th century BCE

Mountain babies were left on to die of exposure

Mount Taygetus

Age boys joined the Agoge

7

Secret service the strongest youth were enlisted in

Krypteia

Members in a syssitia

15

Greek name for a sword

xiphos

Greek name for a spear

doru

What the lambda on Spartan shields stood for

Lacedomonians

Hand the doru was held in

Right

Spartan army changed from Corinthian style helmets to open faced, crestless helmets

5th century BCE

Number of rows a phalanx was

8

Which hand a hoplite held his shield in during the phalanx

Left

Taxiarch (Sparta)

senior officer responsible to the kings

Enomatia (Sparta)

Smallest sub division of the army

Mora (Sparta)

Largest sub division of the army

Battle that Xenophon reported the after effects of

Battle of Lecutra

Tresantes

Tremblers

Account of Thermopylae

Herodotus

Number of Greeks in the battle of Thermopylae

7000

Number of Persians in the battle of Thermopylae

150,000

Battle of Thermopylae

480 BCE

Thermopylae

Hot gates

Xerxe’s advisor in the battle of Thermopylae, a former Spartan King

Demaratus

How long the stand off was before the battle of Thermopylae

4 days

Persian specialist force at the battle of Thermopylae

The King’s immortals

Greek specialist force at the battle of Thermopylae

300 Spartans hoplites

How many times Xerxes jumped from his chair on the first day of fighting at the battle of Thermopylae

3

Greek that told the Persians about the mountain pass

Ephialtes

Greeks that stayed after finding out they were about to be surrounded at the battle of Thermopylae

The Spartans, 700 Thespians and 400 Thebans

Spartan King at the battle of Thermopylae

Leonidas

Athenians expected to serve in the military

All adult Athenian males under 60

Percentage of the Athenian army that were hoplites

30-50%

Number of Taxiarchs in the Athenian army

10, one for each tribe

Number of regiments in the Athenian army

10, one for each tribe

Divisions of regiments in the Athenian army

Lochoi

Number of strategos in the Athenian army

10, one for each tribe

Number of generals in the Athenian army

10, one for each tribe

Length of a trireme

35 metres

Number of rowers in a trireme

170

Number of banks in a trireme

3

Other men on board an Athenian trireme

30 men: ten hoplites, four archers, a piper, officers

Officers on an Athenian trireme

Steersman, quartersman and a trierach

Hypozomata

Two cables that kept a ship in shape and give it more strength

Diekplous

A ship sailing through a gap in line of its enemy then ramming the rear

Former tyrant of Athens who was now with the Persians

Hippias

Persian attack on Marathon

490 BCE

Area the allies of Athens were from that helped to defeat the Persians

Plataea

Athenian who convinced the Greeks to leave Athens and to defend the straits of Salamis

Themistocles

Where the women, children and elderly went after the Persians sacked Athens

Aegina and Troezen

Number of Greek cities providing ships for the Battle of Salamis

21

Number of Greek ships for the battle of Salamis and how many were from Athens

380 ships, 200 from Athens

Where some commanders wanted to defend instead of fighting at Salamis

The south side of the isthmus

Where many of cities providing ships for the battle of Salamis were from

The Peloponnesian

Spartan admiral of the fleet in the battle of Salamis

Eurybiades

Number of Persians ships at the battle of Salamis

400-1200 ships

Where Xerxes went to consult for strategy at the battle of Salamis

Phaleron

One captain not in favour of fighting at Salamis

Artemisia, queen of Halicarnassus

Themistocles’ slave that delivered a note to the Persians

Sicinnus

Where the Greeks would finally defeat the Persians

On land at Plataea

Largest unit of the Roman army

Legion

Number of legions

30

Number of cohorts in a legion

10

Number of total soldiers in a legion

4320

Number of horsemen in a legion

120

Number of centuries in the first cohort

5 double sized centuries

Number of centuries in the other cohorts

6 centuries

Number of men in a century

80 men

Smallest unit of the Roman army

Contubernium

Number of men in a contubernium

8

Commander of a century

Centurion

5 centurions of the first cohort

Primi ordines

Most senior primi ordine

Primus pilius

Centurion’s deputy responsible for training

Optio

Cornicen

Horn player who sounded orders to soldiers

Tesserarius

Organised guards and communicated passwords

Signifer

Looked after the standard of the century and was in charge of pay

Who could be a primus pilius

Men over 50

How long someone was a primus pilius for

1 year

Commander of the legion

Legatus

How long someone was a legatus for

3-4 years

Camp prefect

Most senior professional soldier in the legion, usually a former primus pilius

Officials below the legatus

Six tribunes

Most senior tribune

Tribunus laticlavius

How long someone was a tribunus laticlavius for

2-3 years

Aquilifier

Soldier of the first cohort who protected the legion’s aquila

Other five tribunes

Tribuni angusticlavi

Class the tribuni angusticlavi were from

Equestrian class

Role of the tribuni angusticlavi

Act as staff officers, do administrative work and oversee welfare of the troops

Who would serve as tribuni angusticlavi

Wealthy educated men in their 30s

Role of the camp prefect

Responsible for the legion’s equipment and transport

When legionary fortresses began to be built in stone

2nd century AD

Shape of the legionary fortress

Rectangular with rounded corners

Defence of the legionary fortress

A ditch and wall with towers along the perimeter wall

Where the unit’s standards were kept in a legionary fortress

The central room

Via praetoria

Led from the main gate to the main buildings