the ULTAMAITE STUDY GUIDE FOR LIVING ENVIRONMENT REGENTS BY JOHANSES

just saying this is all from the living env handbook thing mrs y pleas let me know if there are any error!!!!

Homeostasis

Homeostasis

Ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal balanced environment, failure to do so can result in sickness or death

Metabolism

Sum of all chemical reactions that occur within the cells of an organism

Organic molecules

Contain skeleton structures of carbon with hydrogen and oxygen

Carbohydrates(Starch) basic unit?

Glucose(simple sugars)

Proteins basic unit?

Amino acids (20 kinds)

Lipids basic unit?

Fatty Acid & Glycerin

Nucleic Acid basic unit?

Nucleotide

Digestive

• breaks down food into nutreints & puts them in the blood stream

• mouth, esophagus, stomach,small intestine, large intestine,rectum

Circulatory

• carries gasses and nutrientsthroughout the body

• heart,arteries,veins, capillaries

Respiratory

• exchanges carbon dioxide and oxygen

• lungs,alveoli,diaphragm

Excretory

• removes wastes from the blood and then from the body

• kidneys, bladder, urethra

Nervous

Fast control of the fuctioning of all body systems

Endocrine

Slow control of the fuctioning of all body systems

Organization of living things

[smallest] Cells-> Tissues-> Organs-> Organ Systems-> Organism [biggest]

Organelles

small parts that make up a cell (each has at least one specific function)

Vacuoles

store waste and water (large in plant cells, small in animal cells)

Ribosome

(very small and is often represented by a dot) located on the ER or in cytoplasm, where proteins are made (protein synthesis).

Mitochondria

(The POWERHOUSE of the cell where energy is made the Site of cellular respiration in both plant and animal cells)

Formula for cellular respiration

Glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + ENERGY (ATP)

Chloroplasts

only in plant cells; where the process of photosynthesis occurs.

Formula for photosynthesis

Sun's energy + carbon dioxide + water -> glucose + water + oxygen

Nucleus

control center of the cell and contains DNA (the program or code of life)

Cytoplasm

liquid media that fills the cell.

Cell Membrane

separates the contents of the cell from the outside environment andcontrols the transport of materials into and out of the cell. (selective permeability)

Cellular communication

Recognizes and responds to chemical signals by using receptor molecules.

Passive Transport/ Diffusion

movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration (NO ENERGY USED)

Active Transport

moving a molecule from LOW concentration to a HIGH concentration (USES ENERGY in the form of ATP).

Control

Chemicals produced in the endocrine glands (HORMONES) and chemicals produced by nerve cells are primarily responsible for communication between cells.

Respiration

process used by ALL organisms to produce energy by using oxygen to burn sugar in order to release energy in the form of (ATP) using mitochondria

Digestion

breaking large molecules down into smaller molecules.

Transport

involves the movement of materials inside the cell as well as the movement between parts of a multicellular organism

Excretion

the removal of all waste produced by the cells of the body.

Synthesis

making or building of large molecules from smaller ones.

Photosynthesis

process of storing the energy from the sun in the chemical bonds of glucose (sugar) Organelle used in this process: Chloroplast

Cellular Respiration

occurs in the Mitochondria of All Organisms both plants and animals

Enzymes

special proteins that affect the rate of chemical reactions. Enzymes are catalysts used in digestion and synthesis

Enzyme reaction rates are affected by

1. Shape- "Lock and Key Model" if it is the wrong shape it will not work.

2. Temperature- each enzyme works best at a specific temperature

3. Ph-- each enzyme works best at a specific ph

Dynamic Equilibrium

steady state-balance(HOMEOSTASIS)

Negative Feedback

controls hormone levels to maintain homeostasis.

Our ____ and _________ Systems are the body's primary defense against disease-causing pathogens. (Immunity) via White blood cells

Skin; Circulation

Surface Receptor Protein

a molecule found on the cell membrane that the immune system recognizes as either part of the body or an outside invader. Antigens are the receptor proteins on the membrane of pathogens (germs).

Antibodies

special proteins produced by the white blood cells that can be thought of as your body's army to fight diseases.Have specific shapes to fight specific antigens. Blocks communication so no germ to reproduce and make you sick

Immunity

our body's ability to fight disease. Once you have been exposed to a specific virus white blood cells remember the antigens and produce antibodies that prevent you from getting sick from the same virus for the second time.

Vaccination

composed of a weakened or dead virus that triggers our white blood cells to produce antibodies to fight a specific pathogen.

Diseases

caused pathogens (virus, bacterium, and fungus)

Mitotic division

• Asexual reproduction

• One cell division 1→2

• Parent cell divides equally to produce 2 identical daughter cells

• Geneticmakeup identical to parent (2n-Diploid #)

• Used for growth, repair

Meiotic division

• Sexual reproduction

• Two cell divisions 1→4

• Parent cell divides twice to produce 4 sperm cell/3 polar bodies + 1 egg/ovum

• Produces gametes in gonads

Gonads

sex glands. (Ovaries and Testis)

Gametes

sex cells that unite in fertilization to form a ZYGOTE.

Zygote

Fertilized egg.

Fertilization

when a male and female gamete unit. If the gametes each have 23 chromosomes, then what does their zygote have? 46

Differentiation

the process that transforms developing cells into specialized cells with different structures and functions. Tissues are specialized groups of cells.

Vagina

female body part

Uterus

where the baby develops

Ovaries

the female gonads that produce the egg and important female hormones.

Placenta

the organ that is attached to the baby via the umbilical chord and provides nutrients, oxygen to the fetus and removes waste through the process of diffusion.Mother and baby's blood does not mix!

Oviducts/fallopian tubes

the place where fertilization occurs

Testis

male gonads that produce sperm and male hormones like testosterone.

Artificial insemination

using sperm from a donor

Amniocentesis

removing some of the cells from the amniotic fluid which protects the fetus and analyzing their DNA.

Karyotype

is a visual map of chromosomes. Can be used to see if the fetus has any chromosomal problems like Down's syndrome (3 copies of chromosome #21)

Cancer

occurs when certain genetic mutations in a cell can result in uncontrolled cell division.Can be caused either by heredity or environmental factors like radiation, chemicals or virus.

Heredity

passing of genetic information from one generation to the next through reproduction.

The hereditary information DNA is organized in the form of genes located in the _____ of each cell

nucleus

DNA

a double stranded helix polymer of nucleotides that contains the genetic code of the individual.

Nucleotide

the basic unit of DNA which is made of a Phosphate, a Sugar and a Base.

Adesine IS PAIRED WITH

Thymine

Guanine IS PAIRED WITH

Cytosine

RNA

single stranded polymer that is produced by DNA. Includes Messenger RNA, Transfer RNA and Ribosomal RNA. Different bases are A, U, G, C. Notice there is no T in RNA base code rule

Protein Synthesis

DNA is stuck in the nucleus, so it sends a messenger single stranded mRNA to the ribosome where the Ribosome reads the message and directs the tRNA to bring it amino acids/ The ribosome then assembles the amino acids together in the correct order to make a protein

Selective Breeding

process of picking parents with favorable traits to produce those traits in the offspring. Ex) domestic animals and hybridization of plants.

Species

a group of closely related organisms that share certain characteristics and can produce offspring capable of reproduction.

Mutation

any alteration of the DNA sequence which changes the normal message carried by the gene

Substitution

ONE BASE IS PUT IN THE PLACE OF ANOTHER

Deletion

A BASE IS LEFT OUT

Addition

A BASE IS ADDED

Inversion

BASES ARE SWITCHED

Gene Expression

An organism's environment can affect the way that some genes are expressed

Genetic Engineering

technology that humans use to alter the genetic instructions in organisms.

Gene Splicing

cutting DNA and placing it into another organism

Restriction Enzyme

an enzyme that cuts DNA in specific places and is an essential tool in gene splicing as well as in Gelelectrophoresis

DNA fingerprint from gel phoresis

just like a bar code the more common the bars the more common heritage or ancestry

Evolution

the process by which organisms have changed over time from simple, singlecelled: complexsinglecelled: complex, multicellular to complex organisms.

Natural Selection

nature selects those individuals who are best fit for the environment.

Overproduction

more offspring are produced than can survive

Variation

differences among organisms in a species (sexually reproducing organisms have more variation than asexually reproducing organisms)

Adaptive Value

Any trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce under a given set of environmental conditions

Extinction

the disappearance of an entire species caused by a failure to adapt to a changing environment. Extinction occurs when the Environment changes and the Species cannot adapt.

ANCESTRY

cladograms or family tree

Ecology

the study of how organisms interact with the living and nonliving things.

Biotic factors

are living parts of the ecosystem ex. Plants and animals.

Abiotic factors

non-living parts of the environment (rocks, air, ph, sunlight)

Niche

is a species' role in it's environment (it's JOB and what it EATS)

Population

all the organisms of a species that live in the same area.

Community

all the different populations in an area.

Biosphere

all of earth's ecosystems

Competition

is the struggle for resources among organisms.

Limiting Factors

the living and non living things in the environment that limit the size of populations.Examples: Food, Shelter, Sun, Space, Oxygen, ETC.

Carrying Capacity

the maximum population (number or organisms of any species) that an ecosystem can support.

Predators

kill and eat other organisms called Prey.