block 2 and stuff

all cells must have…

plasma membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm

all cells must…

1. maintain its own shape

2. eat nutrients and make new chemical structures

3. dispose wastes

integral proteins

embedded in phospholipid bilayer

peripheral proteins

not embedded into the bilayer, can be attached loosely or anchored

what are the six major roles of membrane proteins?

1. transport

2. cell surface receptors

3. identity markers

4. enzymes

5. cell-adhesion proteins

what molecules can pass in simple diffusion?

urea, respiratory gases, small fatty acids, small nonpolar molecules

what molecules can pass in facilitated diffusion?

larger polar molecules or charged ions

what are the two types of facilitated diffusion?

1. channel-mediated: channels embedded into the bilayer!! (leak and gated channels)

2. carrier-mediated: carrier protein! it needs a key to be opened! (key being molecule passing)

isotonic

cytosol = solutes, no net movement of water

hypotonic

solutes > cytosol, water rushes into cell (lysis)

hypertonic

solutes < cytosol, water rushes out (crenation)

primary active transport

uses ATP to get solute against gradient

secondary active transport

catches a ride with other molecule going against the gradient

1. symport: same direction (hitchhiking)

2. antiport: opposite direction

resting membrane potential

potential energy at which the cell is resting

what are the two conditions of maintaining a membrane potential?

1. unequal distribution of ions

2. unequal amounts of positive and negative charges

3 OUT NA

2 K IN

K+ (potassium): creates a negative charge outside of the membrane

Na+: makes outside of the cell more positive

what are the four tissue types?

epithelium: covers

connective: connects

muscle: contracts

nervous: conducts

intercellular junctions

tight junctions: like a nail! prevents subtances from moving between cells

desmosomes: a screw, binds neighboring cells together

gap junctions: a pipe, allows direct passageway!

basement membrane

a membrane that a layer epithelium tissue attaches to, separates epithelia and connective tissue

basal surface

the bottom deep epithelium tissue that attaches to the basement membrane

apical surface

the superficial layer of epithelium cells on top

lumen

the empty space in the body within tubes, tracts, cravities, etc.

lateral surface

surface that faces away from the body

simple

one layer of epithelial cells

stratified

2 or more layers

pseudostratified

appears stratified, but all cells are still connected to the basement membrane

squamous

FLAT!! cells, looks like fried eggs

cuboidal

as tall as they are wide, cubed shape

columnar

taller than they are wide, columns!!

transitional

special type of epithelium that stretches and shrinks based on pressure

simple squamous ET

allows rapid movement of molecules

-alveoli, vessel walls, serous membranes

simple cuboidal ET

absorption and secretion, components for glands!

-kidney tubules, thyroid glands, exocrine glands

nonciliated simple columnar ET

secretory and absorption

-contains microvilli, may have spaces in between them for goblet cells! lives in digestive tract, stomach, anal canal

-goblet cells form mucin, which will make mucus!!

ciliated simple columnar ET

moves mucus along!! goblet cells may be spread out

-bronchioles, uterine tubes (help with passing oocyte like crowd surfing)

pseudostratified ciliated columnar ET

traps foreign particles moved by cilia!

-large passageways of respiratory system

pseudostratified ciliated columnar ET

very rare, only present in the make urethra and epididymis!! only for protection

stratified squamous keratinized ET

layers of dead skin cells filled with keratin, basal region divide and eventually make it to apical region

-protect tissue from abrasion

-epidermis!

stratified squamous nonkeratinized ET

all cells mostly alive! kept moist so that fluid can go through

-oral cavity, pharynx, vagina

stratified cuboidal ET

protection and secretion

-exocrine glands, sweat glands, parts of male urethra

stratified columnar ET

rare! protection and secretion

-large ducts of salivary glands, parts of male urethra

transitional epithelium

binucleated cells, stretches when bladder fills!!

-limited to the urinary tract

endocrine glands…

secrete hormones to the blood

exocrine glands…

is connected via a duct to the outside!

unicellular exocrine glands

no duct, close to surface, common type goblet cell

multicellular exocrine glands

numerous cells!

acini: cells that make the secretions, ducts transport to the surface

simple glands

single-no branched duct

compound glands

branched ducts

tubular glands

secretory gland is the same size as the duct

acinar glands

secretory side makes an expanded sac

tubuloacinar gland

tubular + acinar gland

merocrine glands

secretions into a vesicle, like a backpack!! released by exocytosis!!

apocrine glands

membrane pinches off and becomes secretion

holocrine glands

ruptured cell becomes secretion

extracellular matrix

a large network of proteins and ground substance (basically a space between cells in connective tissue)

collagen fiber

strong cable like fibers but unbranched

reticular fiber

thinner, used for framing CT

elastic fiber

stretches and recoils easily!! like a sock or a pair of underwear

fibroblast

produces the three fibers and ground substance! very common in CT proper

loose areolar CT

protects tissues and organs, for packing nutrients in the body

-papillary layer of dermis, surrounding organs, muscles, and blood vessels

adipose CT

Protects, Insulates, Energy, Storage!!

-subcutaneous layer, surrounds and covers organs

dense regular CT

tightly packed, where stress is applied in a single direction!! only few blood vessels

-tendons (muscle to bone) and ligaments (bone to bone)

dense irregular CT

resistance to diff directions!

-dermis, periosteum, capsules around internal organs

lacunae or lacuna

a cavity in the bone

hyaline cartilage

fish eyes!! provides support

-nose, trachea, larynx, ends of long bones

fibrocartilage

weight bearing, resists compression

-in between intervertebral discs, menisci of knee joint

compact bone

cylindrical structures are called osteons, all of the bones in the body!!

COST

compact=osteons

spongy=trabeculae

blood

formed elements!!

red (erythrocytes): transport gases

white (leukocytes): infection

has a liquid ground substance

skeletal muscle tissue

voluntary! moves skeletal muscle fibers, very long multiple nuclei

-has striations

cardiac muscle tissue

involuntary!! cells are connected with intercalated discs, responsible for heart contraction, striated

smooth muscle tissue

involuntary!! spindle-shaped, appears smooth

-walls of intestines, stomach, airways, bladder

nervous tissue

located in brain, spinal cord, nervous

-neurons: recieve, transmit, processes (dendrite>cell body>axon)

-glial cells: protects neurons awww

epidermis

epithelium of the integument, is made up of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium!! contains five layers

dermis

deep to the epidermis, has a papillary and reticular layer!

papillary layer of dermis: loose areolar CT, dermal papillae (points upwards), and epidermal ridges (points downwards)

reticular layer of dermis: dense irregular CT

hypodermis

aka subcutaneous layer, deep to the dermis not actually part of the integumentary system

-contains adipose CT and adipocytes

stratum basale

the deepest layer of the epidermis, makes up the epidermal ridges!

stratum spinosum

second-most deep layer, right above the epidermal ridges

stratum granulosum

middle layer, typically depicted as a darker line in between the spinosum and lucidum/corneum

stratum lucidum

only present in thick skin! the layer before the cornenum, usually colored lighter or the bottom part of the corneum

stratum corneum

the very top!! has no nucleus, dry to protect abrasion

layers of epidermis

thick skin hint find line between granulosum and cornenum

thin skin

merocrine sweat gland

the leftmost gland aka the most common type of sweat gland not associated with hair

apocrine sweat gland

really big sweat glands attached to hair responsible for making stinky sweat ewww

sebaceous gland

attached to the hair follicle causes pimples ewwww

hair shaft

real hair finally

hair root

okay this part is looking a little more like hair now its the beginning!!

hair matrix

a little higher than the hair bulb, before the hair root

hair bulb

the actual ballsack of a hair

hair papilla

aka the dermal papilla, its the area between the ballsack looking part of the hair

hair medulla

middle most part

hair cortex

the middle layer of hair!

hair cuticle

the outermost layer of the hair

hair follicle

the entirety of a hair, including all structures

arrector pili muscle

makes goosebumps!! made up of smooth muscle

free edge

the part of the nail that hangs out (the thingy you need to cut)

nail body

not including lunula, free edge, just the body itself

nail root