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133 Terms

1

all cells must have…

plasma membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm

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2

all cells must…

1. maintain its own shape

2. eat nutrients and make new chemical structures

3. dispose wastes

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3

integral proteins

embedded in phospholipid bilayer

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4

peripheral proteins

not embedded into the bilayer, can be attached loosely or anchored

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5

what are the six major roles of membrane proteins?

1. transport

2. cell surface receptors

3. identity markers

4. enzymes

5. cell-adhesion proteins

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6

what molecules can pass in simple diffusion?

urea, respiratory gases, small fatty acids, small nonpolar molecules

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7

what molecules can pass in facilitated diffusion?

larger polar molecules or charged ions

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8

what are the two types of facilitated diffusion?

1. channel-mediated: channels embedded into the bilayer!! (leak and gated channels)

2. carrier-mediated: carrier protein! it needs a key to be opened! (key being molecule passing)

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9

isotonic

cytosol = solutes, no net movement of water

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10

hypotonic

solutes > cytosol, water rushes into cell (lysis)

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11

hypertonic

solutes < cytosol, water rushes out (crenation)

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12

primary active transport

uses ATP to get solute against gradient

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13

secondary active transport

catches a ride with other molecule going against the gradient

  1. symport: same direction (hitchhiking)

  2. antiport: opposite direction

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14

resting membrane potential

potential energy at which the cell is resting

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15

what are the two conditions of maintaining a membrane potential?

1. unequal distribution of ions

2. unequal amounts of positive and negative charges

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16

3 OUT NA

2 K IN

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K+ (potassium): creates a negative charge outside of the membrane

Na+: makes outside of the cell more positive

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18

what are the four tissue types?

epithelium: covers

connective: connects

muscle: contracts

nervous: conducts

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19

intercellular junctions

tight junctions: like a nail! prevents subtances from moving between cells

desmosomes: a screw, binds neighboring cells together

gap junctions: a pipe, allows direct passageway!

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20

basement membrane

a membrane that a layer epithelium tissue attaches to, separates epithelia and connective tissue

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21

basal surface

the bottom deep epithelium tissue that attaches to the basement membrane

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22

apical surface

the superficial layer of epithelium cells on top

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23

lumen

the empty space in the body within tubes, tracts, cravities, etc.

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24

lateral surface

surface that faces away from the body

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25

simple

one layer of epithelial cells

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26

stratified

2 or more layers

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27

pseudostratified

appears stratified, but all cells are still connected to the basement membrane

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28

squamous

FLAT!! cells, looks like fried eggs

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29

cuboidal

as tall as they are wide, cubed shape

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30

columnar

taller than they are wide, columns!!

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31

transitional

special type of epithelium that stretches and shrinks based on pressure

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32
<p>simple squamous ET </p>

simple squamous ET

allows rapid movement of molecules

-alveoli, vessel walls, serous membranes

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33
<p>simple cuboidal ET </p>

simple cuboidal ET

absorption and secretion, components for glands!

-kidney tubules, thyroid glands, exocrine glands

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34
<p>nonciliated simple columnar ET </p>

nonciliated simple columnar ET

secretory and absorption

-contains microvilli, may have spaces in between them for goblet cells! lives in digestive tract, stomach, anal canal

-goblet cells form mucin, which will make mucus!!

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35
<p>ciliated simple columnar ET </p>

ciliated simple columnar ET

moves mucus along!! goblet cells may be spread out

-bronchioles, uterine tubes (help with passing oocyte like crowd surfing)

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36
<p>pseudostratified ciliated columnar ET </p>

pseudostratified ciliated columnar ET

traps foreign particles moved by cilia!

-large passageways of respiratory system

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37

pseudostratified ciliated columnar ET

very rare, only present in the make urethra and epididymis!! only for protection

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38
<p>stratified squamous keratinized ET </p>

stratified squamous keratinized ET

layers of dead skin cells filled with keratin, basal region divide and eventually make it to apical region

-protect tissue from abrasion

-epidermis!

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39
<p>stratified squamous nonkeratinized ET </p>

stratified squamous nonkeratinized ET

all cells mostly alive! kept moist so that fluid can go through

-oral cavity, pharynx, vagina

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40

stratified cuboidal ET

protection and secretion

-exocrine glands, sweat glands, parts of male urethra

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41

stratified columnar ET

rare! protection and secretion

-large ducts of salivary glands, parts of male urethra

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42
<p>transitional epithelium</p>

transitional epithelium

binucleated cells, stretches when bladder fills!!

-limited to the urinary tract

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43

endocrine glands…

secrete hormones to the blood

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44

exocrine glands…

is connected via a duct to the outside!

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45

unicellular exocrine glands

no duct, close to surface, common type goblet cell

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46

multicellular exocrine glands

numerous cells!

acini: cells that make the secretions, ducts transport to the surface

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47

simple glands

single-no branched duct

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48

compound glands

branched ducts

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49

tubular glands

secretory gland is the same size as the duct

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50

acinar glands

secretory side makes an expanded sac

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51

tubuloacinar gland

tubular + acinar gland

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52

merocrine glands

secretions into a vesicle, like a backpack!! released by exocytosis!!

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53

apocrine glands

membrane pinches off and becomes secretion

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54

holocrine glands

ruptured cell becomes secretion

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55

extracellular matrix

a large network of proteins and ground substance (basically a space between cells in connective tissue)

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56

collagen fiber

strong cable like fibers but unbranched

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57

reticular fiber

thinner, used for framing CT

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58

elastic fiber

stretches and recoils easily!! like a sock or a pair of underwear

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59

fibroblast

produces the three fibers and ground substance! very common in CT proper

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60
<p>loose areolar CT </p>

loose areolar CT

protects tissues and organs, for packing nutrients in the body

-papillary layer of dermis, surrounding organs, muscles, and blood vessels

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61
<p>adipose CT </p>

adipose CT

Protects, Insulates, Energy, Storage!!

-subcutaneous layer, surrounds and covers organs

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<p>dense regular CT </p>

dense regular CT

tightly packed, where stress is applied in a single direction!! only few blood vessels

-tendons (muscle to bone) and ligaments (bone to bone)

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<p>dense irregular CT</p>

dense irregular CT

resistance to diff directions!

-dermis, periosteum, capsules around internal organs

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64

lacunae or lacuna

a cavity in the bone

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65
<p>hyaline cartilage </p>

hyaline cartilage

fish eyes!! provides support

-nose, trachea, larynx, ends of long bones

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66
<p>fibrocartilage </p>

fibrocartilage

weight bearing, resists compression

-in between intervertebral discs, menisci of knee joint

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<p>compact bone</p>

compact bone

cylindrical structures are called osteons, all of the bones in the body!!

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68

COST

compact=osteons

spongy=trabeculae

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69
<p>blood</p>

blood

formed elements!!

red (erythrocytes): transport gases

white (leukocytes): infection

has a liquid ground substance

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70
<p>skeletal muscle tissue </p>

skeletal muscle tissue

voluntary! moves skeletal muscle fibers, very long multiple nuclei

-has striations

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71
<p>cardiac muscle tissue </p>

cardiac muscle tissue

involuntary!! cells are connected with intercalated discs, responsible for heart contraction, striated

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72
<p>smooth muscle tissue </p>

smooth muscle tissue

involuntary!! spindle-shaped, appears smooth

-walls of intestines, stomach, airways, bladder

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73
<p>nervous tissue </p>

nervous tissue

located in brain, spinal cord, nervous

-neurons: recieve, transmit, processes (dendrite>cell body>axon)

-glial cells: protects neurons awww

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74

epidermis

epithelium of the integument, is made up of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium!! contains five layers

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75

dermis

deep to the epidermis, has a papillary and reticular layer!

papillary layer of dermis: loose areolar CT, dermal papillae (points upwards), and epidermal ridges (points downwards)

reticular layer of dermis: dense irregular CT

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76

hypodermis

aka subcutaneous layer, deep to the dermis not actually part of the integumentary system

-contains adipose CT and adipocytes

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77

stratum basale

the deepest layer of the epidermis, makes up the epidermal ridges!

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78

stratum spinosum

second-most deep layer, right above the epidermal ridges

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79

stratum granulosum

middle layer, typically depicted as a darker line in between the spinosum and lucidum/corneum

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80

stratum lucidum

only present in thick skin! the layer before the cornenum, usually colored lighter or the bottom part of the corneum

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81

stratum corneum

the very top!! has no nucleus, dry to protect abrasion

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82

layers of epidermis

knowt flashcard image
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83

thick skin hint find line between granulosum and cornenum

<p></p>
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84

thin skin

knowt flashcard image
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85
<p>merocrine sweat gland </p>

merocrine sweat gland

the leftmost gland aka the most common type of sweat gland not associated with hair

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86
<p>apocrine sweat gland </p>

apocrine sweat gland

really big sweat glands attached to hair responsible for making stinky sweat ewww

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87
<p>sebaceous gland </p>

sebaceous gland

attached to the hair follicle causes pimples ewwww

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88
<p>hair shaft</p>

hair shaft

real hair finally

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89
<p>hair root </p>

hair root

okay this part is looking a little more like hair now its the beginning!!

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90
<p>hair matrix</p>

hair matrix

a little higher than the hair bulb, before the hair root

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91
<p>hair bulb</p>

hair bulb

the actual ballsack of a hair

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92
<p>hair papilla </p>

hair papilla

aka the dermal papilla, its the area between the ballsack looking part of the hair

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<p>hair medulla </p>

hair medulla

middle most part

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<p>hair cortex</p>

hair cortex

the middle layer of hair!

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95
<p>hair cuticle </p>

hair cuticle

the outermost layer of the hair

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96
<p>hair follicle </p>

hair follicle

the entirety of a hair, including all structures

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97
<p>arrector pili muscle </p>

arrector pili muscle

makes goosebumps!! made up of smooth muscle

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98

free edge

the part of the nail that hangs out (the thingy you need to cut)

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<p>nail body</p>

nail body

not including lunula, free edge, just the body itself

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<p>nail root </p>

nail root

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