AP Human Geography Unit 3

culture

a group of belief systems, norms, and values practiced by a people

folk/local culture

a culture that incorporates a homogeneous population that is typically rural and cohesive in cultural traits.

folklore

the traditional beliefs, customs, and stories of a community, passed through generations by word of mouth

popular culture

large culture that incorporates heterogeneous populations, is typically urban, and experiences quick changing traits.

material culture

the things a group of people construct, including homes, clothing, sports, dance, and foods.

built environment

a material, spatial, and cultural product of human labor

nonmaterial culture

beliefs, practices, aesthetics, and values of a group of people.

cultural appropriation

the process by which other cultures adopt customs and knowledge and use them for their own benefit

neolocalism

seeking out the regional culture and reinvigorating it in the response to uncertainty of the modern world.

ethnic neighborhoods

tight knit neighborhoods within a major city where local cultures have built a world apart to practice their customs

commodification

the process through which something (a name, good, idea, or person) becomes an object that can be bought and sold in the world market, when it previously wasn't regarded so.

Distance Decay

How quickly innovations diffuse and refers to how interlinked two places are through transportation and communication

time-space compression

explains how quickly innovations diffuse and refers to how interlinked two places are through transportation and communication

reterritorialization

a term referring to a process in which people start to produce an aspect of popular culture themselves, doing so in the context of their local culture and place, making it their own.

hierarchical diffusion

can occur through a hierarchy of places. The hearth is the point of origin. Large cities to smaller ones (trickles down)

contagious diffusion

idea spreads from person to person EX) word of mouth

stimulus diffusion

when an exact idea can't be adopted in a certain area (due to cultural barriers, etc.) leading to altering of the idea. It is a stimulus for newer ideas.

relocation diffusion

when individuals who have adopted the idea move to new places and disseminate it. The hearth loses strength in the idea and the places the individuals move to gain strength in it.

cultural landscape

the visible imprint of human activity on the landscape

sequent occupance

proposed by Derwent Whittlesay. Cultural imprints made over top of each other, each affect the next, have a lasting imprint

placelessness

coined by George Edward Relph to describe the loss of uniqueness in place in the cultural landscape to the point that one place looks like the next

global-local continuum

the idea that cultural borrowing and mixing is happening all over the world. Emphasizes that what happens on one scale is not independent of what happens on another.

glocalization

people in a local place mediate and alter regional, national, and global processes. Causes global-local continuum

adaptive strategy

technology, ecology, demography, and economies that define human behavior

folk-housing regions

Fred Kniffen researched house types and their diffusion in North America and found that 3 regions have these houses: (1)New England, (2) Mid-Atlantic, and (3) Lower Chesapeake Bay. The diffusion streams created the regions. EX) (1) Saltbox, two-chimney, Cape Cod, Front Wing, and Gable. (2) I-house, Tidewater. (3) Shotgun

traditional architecture

buildings use building materials available and reflect social/environmental customs of the people

folk songs

traditionally sung by the common people of a region. forms part of their culture

folk food

traditional food

language

a set of sounds and symbols that is used for communication

standard language

a published, widely distributed, and purposefully taught language that most technologically advanced societies have.

dialect

a variant of a standard language along regional or ethnic liens. Made of differences in: vocab, syntax, pronunciation, cadence, and pace.

isogloss

a geographic boundary in which a particular linguistic feature occurs. Rarely a simple line.

dialect chains

dialects nearest to each other will be most similar. As you go farther apart, dialects become less intelligible.

language family

way of classifying languages at the global scale. The languages have shared by fairly distant origins. Broken into sub-families.

language subfamily

divisions within a language family, the commonalities are more definite and origins more recent. Consists of individual languages with smaller spatial extents and dialects with even smaller spatial extents

language groups

set of languages with a relatively recent common origin and many similar characteristics

Indo-European language

a language from the Indo-European family. Spoken by half of the world's people, and includes among others, the Germanic, Romance, and Slavic subfamilies

lingua franca

a language used among speakers of different languages for the purposes of trade and commerce. Can be one language or a mixture.

pidgin language

when people speaking 2 or more languages are in contact and they combine parts of their languages in a simplified structure and vocabulary EX) the first widely known pidgin language is the Frankish language, a mix of Frank tongue with Italian, Greek, Spanish, and Arabic for trade on eastern Mediterranean with Southern Franks.

trade language

a simplified language that develops as a means of communication between two or more groups that do not have a language in common.

creole language

a pidgin language that has developed a more complex structure and a vocabulary and has become a native language of a group of people

monolingual states

countries in which everyone speaks the same language EX) Japan, Uruguay, Iceland, Denmark, Portugal, Poland, and Lesotho

multilingual states

countries in which more than one language is in use EX) US

official language

adopted by countries with linguistic fragmentation to tie the people together. Or in colonies, one that ties them to their colonizer.

global language

a common language of trade and commerce used around the world. EX) like lingua franca

linguistic diversity

there are more than 7000 languages spoken today that are created by economic, technological, and ideological globalization. EX) more than 1500 languages are spoken in Sub-Saharan Africa

toponyms

place names. often refer to social progress in the area. May impact how people view the lace. Dominated by 10 themes: descriptive, commendatory, possession, commemorative, associative, incidents, possession, folk, manufactured, mistakes, shift. EX) "Mount Prospect" and "Mount Misery"

religion

a system of beliefs and practices that attempts to order life in terms of culturally perceived ultimate priorities. EX) Baha'i

monotheistic religion

worship a singly deity, God or Allah EX) Islam grew in Northern Africa from 11 to 234 million in 1900 to 2010

polytheistic religion

worship more than one deity, even 1000s EX) Hinduism, Vodum/Voodoo

animistic religion

centered on the belief that inanimate objects, such as mts., trees, rivers, and boulders. posses spirits and should be revered. EX) Shamanism

universalizing religions

actively seek converts because they view themselves as offering belief systems and universal appropriateness and appeal. Few in number and of recent origin. EX) Christianity, Buddhism, and Islam

ethnic religion

Adherents are born into the faith and converts are not actively sought. Spatially concentrated, except for Judaism. EX) traditional religions in Africa and SA. Judaism, Hinduism, Confucianism, Shintoism

Hinduism

3rd biggest religion, DID NOT originate in Pakistan, given name by Aryans, no founder, based on ancient practices of Indus River Valley city of Mohenjo Daro and Harappa, sacred river is the Ganges, and their main god is Brahman. Other gods are expressions of Brahman. Not a polytheistic or monotheistic religion, or even both. Vedas is it's 4 sacred texts. Defined as an ethnic religion to SE Asia.

Reincarnation

A soul is reborn and in Hinduism you are moved up and down in the caste system based off your behavior. The goal is to escape reincarnation through union with Brahman. EX) Hinduism

caste system

locks people into particular social classes and imposes many restrictions, especially to those in lower castes

Sikhism

created by interaction of Hinduism and Islam. Didn't like worship of idols and caste system in Hinduism. EX) wear turbans and forbid hair-cutting

Buddhism

came from Hinduism as a question to its teachings (caste system). 2 branches: Mahayan (salvation comes by appeal to holy sources of merit) and Theravada (Salvation is personal matter achieved by good behavoir and being monk or nun). EX) Theravada- Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia. Mahayana- Vietnam Korea, Japan, and China

Shintoism

ethnic religion, related to Buddhism, focuses on nature and ancestor worship EX) Japan

Taoism

traced to older contemporary of Confucius, Lao-Tsu, who published Tao-te-Ching or "Book of Way". EX) China. Avoid competition possession pursuit of knowledge. Evils= war, punishment, takes, and ceremonial ostentation.

Confucianism

philosophy of life. Like Taoism, great impacts of Chinese Life. Confucius was appalled by the poor and suffering and urged them to assert themselves. Said virtues and abilities, not heritage, should determine position in society. Altered by emperors over time

Judaism

grew out of the beliefs of Jews, a nomadic semetic tribe in SW Asia. Based off teachings of Abraham. In Middle East, N Africa, Russia, Ukraine, Europe, and N and S America. Monotheistic.

Christianity

single founder (Jesus), split from Judaism, monotheistic, first split: between Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox. Emperor Diocletian split empire eventually leading to separate denominations. Last branch- Protestant (came from Catholic)

Islam

founded by Muhammad, Qu'ran, Allah, monotheistic, 5 pillars, pilgrimage to Mecca/hajj. EX) Most Muslims are in Indonesia

Sunni

majority accept rulers who aren't descendants of Muhammad/Ali. EX) many in US and Europe

Shia/Shi'ite

don't accept rulers who aren't descendants of Muhammad. More centralized hierarchical clergy than Sunni. Imams are the source of knowledge. EX) Iran, Iraq, Palestine, Afghanistan

Shamanism

community faith in which people follow their shaman (religious leader) . small, isolated religion. EX) Africa, Native America, SE Asia, and E Asia.

secularism

the indifference to or rejection of formal religion. EX) 57% of US said religion isn't super important in their lives while 98% of Senegal said the opposite.

Mormonism

Church of the Latter day Saints. Created by Joseph Smith, has similar beliefs to Christianity. Began in NY, then moved to Utah due to persecution.

sacred sites/sacred space

places people infuse with religious meaning (reverence or fear). If infused with reverence, a pilgrimage may be made to the place.

Bear Butte

Lakota and Cheyenne or northern Great Plains in US sacred site

Western Wall Temple Mount in Jerusalem

Jews and Christians sacred site

Dome of the Rock

Muslim sacred site

religious toponym

the origins and meanings of the names of religions EX) St. Peter's Basilica- burial site for Catholic tradition

minaret

part of the mosque. calls Muslims to pray 5x a day. EX) When Islam first went into N Africa and S Europe, incorporated roman designs, such as the Alhambra Palace (Granada) and Great Mosque of Corboda (Spain)

hajj/hadj

the pilgrimage to Mecca (one of the 5 pillars of Islam) EX) Many times there have been a lot of deaths due to people trampling each other.

interfaith boundaries

the boundaries between the world's major faiths. subject to potentially divisive cultural forces. EX) several countries in Africa that straddle the Christian- Muslim boundary EX) Israel, Palestine, Nigeria, former Yugoslavia

intrafaith boundaries

the boundaries within a single major faith. Divisions between: Catholics and Protestants (especially in N Ireland), Muslim Sunni and Shia

enclave

when a community or group is trapped and surrounded by unfriendly population or government. EX) the Gaza strip in Israel where Muslims are surrounded by the Jewish population and government

exclave

a portion of a country not connected to the main part physically EX) Alaska

genocide

A mass killing of people EX) Holocaust

ethnic cleansing

a mass killing of a specific group of people EX) Serbian campaign for ethnic cleansing of Kosovo Albanians (Muslims) who demanded autonomy.

theocracy

a government in which religion rules Ex) Taliban

religious fundamentalism

born over perceived breakdown of society's morals and values. hold to religious beliefs. EX) Traditionalism Catholic Movement- preach in Latin and don't recognize the Pope and the Vatican

religious extremeism

religious fundamentalism carried to the point of violence EX) 9-11, extremist Jews who are for anti-Arabism (Kahane Chai), and Taliban

Shari'a Law

the legal framework within public and some private aspects of life are regulated for those living in a legal system based on Muslim principles

jihad

Islamic holy way against West, US in particular. Promoted by Taliban in Afghanistan because provided haven for Islamic extremeists EX) 9-11

Zoroastrianism

world's oldest monotheistic religion