patho exam 1

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olfactory

nose

optic

eyes

occular motor

ciliary muscle

torchlear

trigeminal

3 branches:

ophthalmic

maxillary

mandible

abdducens

lateral movement in the eyeballs

facial

control movement and expression

vestibulo cochlear

hearing

glossopharyngeal

has sensory, motor, and parasympathetic

vagus

heart, lungs, pharynx

Accessory

innovate trapezius muscle

hypoglossal

swallowing

Lumbar

5 nerves

L1

large intestine/ingwinal

L2

appendix/abdomen

L3

sex organs

L4

prostate

L5

lower legs

Thoracic Nerves:

12 nerves

T1

elbows, breathing

T2

heart, coronary arteries

T3

Lungs, bronchial

T4

gulbladder

T5

liver

T6

stomach

T7

pancreas

T8

spleen

T9

adrenal glands

T10

kidneys

T11

urethers/kidneys

T12

small intestines

Cervical nerves

7 pairs

C1

blood supply to brain

C2

optic nerves, auditory

C3

cheeks, teeth

C4

nose, lips, mouth

C5

vocal chords

C6

shoulder and neck

C7

thyroid T3 and T4

Cancer

diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and are able to invade other tissues

Tumor

referred as neoplasm, new growth

Benign

grow slowly, encapsulated, not invasive, well differentiated, low mitotic index, do NOT metastatic

Malignant

grow rapidly, not encapsulated, invasive, poorly differentiated, high mitotic index, can spread distantly (metasize)

Benign Tumors

Lipoma, leiomyoma, mingioma

Malignant Tumors

Carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, sarcoma

Cancer Staging

microscopic analysis for staging based on presence of metastasis

Stage1

no metstasis

stage 2

local invasion

stage3

spread to regional structure

Stage 4

distant metastasis

T

tumor spread

N

node involvement

M

the presence of distant metastasis

Sympathetic Nervous System

mobilizes energy stores in times of need, innovation from the T1 through L2 regions of the spinal cord (SNS)

Parasympathetic nervous system

conserves and restores energy, innovation located in the cranial nerve, nuclei and sacral region of the spinal cord

Innate immunity

physical, mechanical, biochemical barriers

First line of defense

physical barriers, skin, respiratory tract, gastointestinal

Second line of Defense

inflammatory response, occurs in vascularized tissues, action is rapid

Adaptive Immunity

mobilized after external barriers have been compromised

humoral immunity

(B cells) antibodies circulating in blood, bind to antigens on bacteria and viruses.

Cellular Immunity

(T cells) defend against intracellular pathogens and abnormal cells

Active Immunity

develops after exposure to antigen, long lived

passive immunity

preformed antibodies or T cells are administered

Antigens

molecules on surface at microbes, infected cells, or abnormal tissues

Lymphocytes

T cells : thymus derived

B cells: Antibodies circulating in blood bind to antigens on bacteria and viruses

type A

type A antigen, can’t have Type B or AB blood

Type B

type B antigen, can’t have type A or ab blodd

Type AB

type AB antigen, universal recipient

Type O

universal donor no antigen, can have receive O type blood

Bacteria

common cause of disease, prokaryotes motile or immotile

Viral diseases

common affliction of humans, infected blood, sexual contact, aerosol

Fungal infection

large eukaryotic microorganisms, sing celled yeasts

Mitosis

divison of the cell

cytokinesis

division of the nucleus

Somatic Cells

contain 46 chromosomes found inside all cells (23 Pairs)

Cell growth

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase