Lenin

Dates of the October Revolution

23rd-25th October 1917

What organisation planned the October Revolution

The Military Revolutionary Committee (MRC)

Term for united identity between the proletariats

Class Solidarity

How did the Bolsheviks stay in power (8)

Had primary control in Petrograd and Moscow which could act as bases - October Revolution presented as a revolution by the P.S. rather than just the Bolsheviks - could gain control through the rising number of Soviets, with MRCs - changed name from ‘Ministers’ to ‘People’s Commissars’ to seem more representative than the Tsar/P.G. - got soldiers on side by signing an armistice with Germany - established Cheka to kill ‘counter-revolutionaries’ - abolished the CA when they didn’t get the majority in the elections - made promises of social reform through their ‘decrees’ which never happened

Name for Bolshevik government

Sovnarkom

When was the Cheka established

December 1917

How many people did the Cheka kill from 1917-1922 vs the number the Okhrana killed from 1881-1917

140,000 vs 14,000

When wee elections for a CA held

November 1917 (votes)

Percentage of votes to Bolsheviks and SRs in CA

23% to Bolsheviks, 40% to SRs

When was the CA abolished

January 1918

Name for Bolshevik ‘decrees’ passed in November 1917 (4)

Decree of Peace - Decree on Land - Worker’s Decree - Decree on Nationalities

Primary actions of Bolsheviks (7)

4 ‘decrees’ - abolished all titles - cancelled all government debt - banned all non-Bolshevik newspapers - moved capital to Moscow - established Sovnarkom - established Cheka

What was Vesenkha + when was it established

The program which nationalised all industry and railway + December 1917

When was the armistice with Germany signed

December 1917 (war)

Differences between make-up of government under Bolsheviks (3)

Est. of Sovnarkom - collective leadership of party rather than autocracy - one-party dictatorship - centralisation of power for Politburo with Decree on Party Unity (top-down voting)

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk date

March 1918

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk conditions (4)

Russia gave up 1/3 of its land - lost 1/3 of population - lost ½ of industrial capacity - lost grain from Ukraine

Name for Bolshevik policy of repression

The Red Terror

When were the first labour camps established + number by 1921

1918 + 84 by 1921

Bolshevik policy towards the nationalities (4)

Ended Russification - granted cultural freedoms (policy of ‘planting down roots’ of support) - allowed nationalities to declare independence from Russia and have self governance, but really they still had to answer to Sovnarkom so limited freedom - freedom to Finland and Poland after Civil War

Dates of Civil War

1918-1921

When/what was the Treaty of Riga

October 1920 - gave Poland independence until it was invaded in 1939

How many people died during the Civil War

10 million

Impacts of the Civil War (3)

Policy of War Communism - worsens famine - increased resistance

Features of War Communism (3)

All industry nationalised - all production used for war - 1918 = start of grain requisitioning

Consequences of war communism policy (4)

Alienated peasants due to requisitioning - inflation reaches 1 million % by 1922 (economic decline) - coal production drops from 29 million tons in 1913 to 9 million in 1921 (industry decline) - worsens famine

When was the famine

1920-1921

How many died during the famine from starvation and disease (typhus and cholera)

5 million

Decline in population of Petrograd due to famine

1.5 million in 1918 to 0.6 million in 1920

Two examples of urban and rural protests

Tambov (rural) and Kronstadt (urban)

When was the Tambov rebellion

1920-1921

When was the Kronstadt rebellion

1921

What was the Tambov rebellion

The largest rebellion of peasants against grain requisitioning, killing several officers, which was brutally crushed by the Red Guards

What was the Kronstadt rebellion

The rebellion of a naval base outside of Petrograd against the famine and dropping food rations, where 10,000 Red Guards were killed and the rebels were eventually defeated and killed or sent into exile

Impact of rising rebellions

Implementation of NEP

Features of the NEP (4)

End of grain requisitioning - small business privatised again - reintroduction of free market for peasant trade - introduced new currency to tackle inflation

Evidence for success of the NEP (4)

Food rationing stops in 1923 - coal production increases from 9 million in 1921 to 28 million by 1926 - factory output rises by 200% between 1920 and 1923 - trade agreements with Germany and UK in 1922 and 1924

Limitations of NEP (2)

Rising corruption in cities - 25,000 private traders in Moscow by 1923

When was the Decree on Party Unity passed

March 1921

What was the Decree on Party Unity

Banned factions with the Communist Party to stop disagreements with the Politburo

Ideological changes of government under Bolsheviks (3)

Introduced communism - war communism during Civil War - compromised communism for a return to capitalism under NEP

When was the NEP implemented

1921

When was the Cheka replaced + with what

1922 + with OGPU

When/what was the Electrification Campaign + impact

Started in 1921 to spread electricity across Russia to gain support for the Bolsheviks + very small improvement in industry