Biology Lab Study Flashcards

Flashcards for biology terms and concepts related to genetics, cell cycle, DNA transformation, and photosynthesis.

Chi-square test

Evaluates whether observed and expected ratios differ due to chance.

Homozygous

Having two identical alleles.

Monohybrid cross

A cross involving one gene.

Light-dependent reactions

Produce ATP and NADPH.

Interphase

Comprises the phases G1, S, and G2.

Checkpoints in the cell cycle

Ensure proper division and DNA integrity.

Nucleotide

Composed of sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base.

Phenotype

An observable trait.

Chlorophyll location

Embedded in the thylakoid membrane.

RuBP

A 5-carbon compound involved in carbon fixation.

Reactants of photosynthesis

CO2, H2O, and sunlight.

DNA movement in gel electrophoresis

Occurs because DNA is negatively charged.

Transformed bacteria glowing

Due to the presence of arabinose triggering GFP expression.

Metaphase

Chromosomes align on the metaphase plate.

GFP

A gene that codes for green fluorescent protein.

Organelle for photosynthesis

Chloroplast.

Allele

A version of a gene.

Overall equation for photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight -> C6H12O6 + 6O2.

Law of Independent Assortment

Explains why different genes assort independently.

Anaphase

Sister chromatids are separated.

Chlorophyll role

Absorbs red and blue light, reflects green.

Thylakoids

Flattened sacs inside chloroplasts where light-dependent reactions occur.

Calvin Cycle product

Regenerates RuBP.

DNA bases pairing in DNA

A-T and C-G.

Chi-square formula

chi^2 = Sum((o - e)^2 / e).

G0 phase

A non-dividing state where the cell exits the cycle.

Photosynthesis products

Glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2).

Main outcome of mitosis

Two genetically identical diploid daughter cells.

Law of addition in probability

Add probabilities of mutually exclusive events.

Prophase progression in mitosis

Follows prophase with prometaphase.

G1 phase activity

Cell growth and protein synthesis.

pGLO plasmid function

Transforms bacteria with GFP and antibiotic resistance.

Cell cycle regulators

Cyclins and CDKs.

Law of multiplication in probability

Multiply probabilities of independent events.

PCR usage

Amplifying DNA.

Gas exchange structure in leaves

Stomata, controlled by guard cells.

Restriction enzyme function

Cuts DNA at specific sequences.

Punnett square usage

Predicting genetic cross outcomes.

Water molecule during photosynthesis

Is split to provide electrons and releases O2.

Degrees of freedom in chi-square

Number of phenotypic classes minus one.

Plasmid definition

A small circular DNA molecule in bacteria.

Light-independent reactions location

Occur in the stroma.

Dihybrid cross

A cross involving two genes.

Tumor suppressor genes role

Inhibit cell division and prevent tumors.

Heterozygous

Having two different alleles.

Genotype definition

The genetic makeup of an organism.

Gel electrophoresis application

Separating DNA fragments by size.

Photosynthesis leaf location

Occurs in the mesophyll layer.

S phase activity

DNA replication.

Main outcome of meiosis

Four genetically different haploid cells.

G2 phase activity

Preparation for mitosis.

Carbon fixation enzyme

Rubisco.

Effect of CO2 concentration on photosynthesis

Higher CO2 increases the rate of photosynthesis.

Proto-oncogenes to oncogenes

They can cause cancer by overstimulating division.