Growth & Development 2

Neonate

First 4 weeks

Neonate dangers

Teratogens, barbiturates, alcohol, smoking, illegal drugs, anticonvulsants, anticoagulants

Attachment

initial psychosocial relationship (bonding) between parents and neonates

After fertilization, zygote has X pairs of chromosomes, total of X

23, 46

APGAR

Activity, Pulse, Grimace, Appearance, Respiratory

Neonate vision

8-10 inches, black & white

By 1 year of age, birth weight ___

triples

Sleep for newborns and infants

18hrs

Leading cause of injury and death

accidents

ideal sleep position for newborns and infants

supine

Sensorimotor

(0–2 yrs) — Object permanence

Preoperational

(2–7 yrs): Symbolic thinking, egocentrism

Concrete Operational

(7–11 yrs): Logical thinking, conservation

Formal Operational

(12+ yrs): Abstract reasoning

Optimal Level of Functioning

Typically occurs during young adulthood (20s–30s) when physical, cognitive, and emotional capacities peak

Genetic Theory

Aging is programmed by genes and heredity

Wear-and-Tear Theory

Cells wear out over time

Free Radical Theory

Damage from unstable molecules

Immunological Theory

Immune system declines with age

Leading cause of deaths — infants

Birth defects, preterm birth, SIDS, injuries, maternal complications

Leading cause of deaths — young children

Accidents, congenital conditions, infections

Babies ____ their weight in the first year

3x

Introduce solid foods to babies at X-X months

4-6

First food to introduce to babies

Rice cereal or vegetables

Baby development is called ________

Cephalocaudal — head-down

When do kids start potty training?

18-24 months

Adolescents are experiencing ________ vs. _________

identity vs. role confusion

Developmental task of adulthood - ______ vs. _______

Intimacy vs. isolation 

When does menopause start

50-55

Menopause symtoms

Cease of menses, hot flashes, cold sweats, night sweats

During the first 5 months of life, infants weight increases by…

1.5-2lbs

Infants heart rate is _____bpm

120-140

Infant RR

30-40

When will a baby hold their head up?

2 months

How to reduce SIDS?

supine sleeping, no secondhand smoke, uncluttered beds, ventilated rooms, 

Age infant aware of strangers

Around 6–8 months (stranger anxiety)

Foods toddlers enjoy

Finger foods, simple, colorful, small portions; prefer familiar foods

Checkups for school-age children

Dental every 6, vision and general every 12, vaccines

When to start solid food

Around 4–6 months; start with iron-fortified cereal, then pureed vegetables/fruits

Abnormal preschool development

Persistent language delay, lack of social interaction, extreme aggression, inability to perform age-appropriate tasks

Weight loss after birth

Normal (5–10% of birth weight) due to fluid loss; regained in ~2 weeks

Age infant rolls over

4–6 months

Why are toddlers pot-bellied?

Rounded abdomen + lordosis

Agents harmful to fetus

Teratogens (alcohol, drugs, radiation, infections like rubella, certain medications)

Abnormal preschool development

Persistent language delay, lack of social interaction, extreme aggression, inability to perform age-appropriate tasks

Passive immunity duration

Maternal antibodies last ~6 months

Egocentric

Preschoolers see world only from their own perspective

Weight loss after birth

Normal (5–10% of birth weight) due to fluid loss; regained in ~2 weeks

Infant hearing response

Best to high-pitched, rhythmic voices (especially mother’s voice)

Dental hygiene

Begin when first tooth erupts (~6 months); clean with soft cloth or baby toothbrush

Toy selection

Safe, age-appropriate, encourage motor/cognitive skills (no small parts for infants)

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages — Infant (birth–1 yr)

Trust vs. Mistrust — Developing trust when caregivers provide reliability and care.

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages — Toddler (1–3 yrs)

Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt — Developing a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence.

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages — Preschool (3–6 yrs)

Initiative vs. Guilt — Asserting control and power over the environment through directing play and other social interactions.

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages — School-age (6–12 yrs)

Industry vs. Inferiority — Coping with new social and academic demands, leading to a sense of competence.

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages — Adolescence (12–18 yrs)

Identity vs. Role Confusion — Developing a sense of self and personal identity.

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages — Early Adulthood (18-40)

Intimacy vs. Isolation — Forming intimate, loving relationships with others.

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages — Middle Adulthood (40-65)(

Generativity vs. Stagnation — Creating or nurturing things that will outlast the individual, often by parenting children or contributing to positive changes that benefit others.

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages — Maturity (65+)

Integrity vs. Despair — Reflecting on life and feeling a sense of fulfillment or regret

Apical heart rate procedure

Place stethoscope at 5th intercostal space, midclavicular line; count for full minute

Subjective data

What patient reports (pain, nausea, fatigue)

Objective data

Observable/measurable signs (vital signs, lab results, exam findings)

Suctioning procedure

Sterile technique — insert catheter without suction, apply suction while withdrawing; limit to 10–15 seconds

Early signs of hypoxia

Restlessness, anxiety, tachycardia, tachypnea, pallor

Piaget

Cognitive development (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational)

Erikson

Psychosocial stages (trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame/doubt, initiative vs. guilt, etc.)

Freud

Psychosexual stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital)

Kohlberg

Moral development (preconventional, conventional, postconventional)