Psych E2 Study Set 8

Emotions

Feelings that involve subjective evaluation, physiological processes, and cognitive beliefs.

Primary Emotions

Emotions that are evolutionarily adaptive, shared across cultures, and associated with physical states:

1) Anger

2) Fear

3) Sadness

4) Disgust

5) Happiness

6) Surprise?

7) Contempt?

Secondary Emotions

Blends of primary emotions like guilt, remorse, anticipation...

Arousal

Physiological activation or increased automatic response

Crying

Results from when negative events leave us unable to respond behaviorally to the emotions we are feeling.

• Also has a social function of sympathy

James-Lange theory of Emotions

We perceive specific patterns of bodily responses, and as a result of that perception we feel emotions.

Facial Feedback Hypothesis of Emotion

Making a happy face will make you happier. Frowning will make you sadder

Cannon-Bard Theory of emotions

Emotional stimuli are processed in subcortical structures, and as a result, we experience two separate things roughly at the same time.

Amygdala's role in emotion

Processes the emotional significance of stimuli and generates immediate emotional and behavioral reactions.

Neural Pathways of Emotions

Sensory info enters the Thalamus

1) The fast route straight to the Amygdala for fast bodily actions

2) The slow route to the Cortex where info is processed and then sent to the amygdala.

*The amygdala modifies how the hippocampus responds to the stimuli by strengthening memory formation of fearful events to remember in the future.

Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

1) Stimulus of threat

2) Automatic Arousal

3) Cognitive Label "I'm scared"

4) Emotion - fear

Display Rules of Emotion

Rules learned through socialization that dictate which emotions are suitable to given situations

Somatic Markers

Bodily reactions that arise from the emotional evaluation of an action's consequences.

What are the three reasons in Baumeister's theory on why guilt is good

1) Discourages people from doing things that would hurt relationships

2) Demonstrates that you care about someone else

3) Manipulate others

Motivation

Factors that energize, direct or sustain behavior

A Need

A state of biological or social deficiency

Need Hierarchy

Maslow's arrangement of needs in which basic survival needs must be met before people can satisfy higher needs

Self-Actualization

A state that is achieved when one's personal dreams and aspirations have been attained

Drive

A psychological state that by creating arousal, motivates an organism to satisfy a need.

Homeostasis

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

Incentives

External rather than internal objects that motivate behavior

Yerkes-Dodson Law of Performance

Performance increases with increasing arousal up to an optimal point and then begins to decrease.

Extrinsic Motivation

Motivation to perform an activity because of the external goals toward which that activity is directed.

Intrinsic Motivation

Motivation to perform an activity because of the mere value or pleasure obtained from it.

Self-Determination Theory of Motivation

People are motivated to satisfy needs for competence, relatedness to others, and autonomy, which is a sense of personal control.

Self Perception Theory of Motivation

When you realize something about your motivations implicitly after completing it.

• e.g. Drink a whole glass of water and then realize that you must have been thirsty

Self-Efficacy

The expectancy that your efforts will lead to success.

Need to Belong Theory

The need for interpersonal attachments is a fundamental motive that had evolved for adaptive purposes.

Sexual Response Theory

A 4 stage pattern of sex

Sexual Strategies Theory

A theory that says that men and women have different mating strategies that allow them to increase chances of passing along genes.