Decision Making 3

parts of the brain must be responsible for signaling momentary perceptual evidence, accumulating evidence over time, and executing chosen action

(this is perceptual decision making) in monkeys, activity in MT correlates with ___ evidence

momentary motion

(this is perceptual decision making) in monkeys, activity in LIP correlates with ___ evidence

cumulative

Activity always peaks at the same point before

the animal selects an action

stimulating MT alters

motion evidence being accumulated in LIP

activity in FFA vs. PPA signals

momentary face/scene evidence

LPFC activity tracks

cumulative evidence (e.g., from FFA or PPA)

FFA vs. PPA track stimulus-specific reward likelihood and vmPFC

integrates across these

ventral striatum tracks

expected reward

amygdala tracks

expected loss

ventral striatum vs. amygdala track rewards vs. losses, vmPFC

integrates across these

vmPFC activity correlates not only with option values, but also the

difference in value between the chosen and unchosen options (suggesting value comparison)

vmPFC tracks

stimulus value difference

ACC tracks

action value difference

sequential decisions from

options to actions

parallel decisions for

options and actions

directing attention to an option can

magnify its impact on a decision relative to the alternatives

attentionally-weighted evidence accumulation models suggest that decisions are shaped by

the amount of time we attend to each of our options over the course of a decision

attentionally-weighted evidence accumulation models also suggest that people are more likely to

choose options that they attend to more, but also more likely to avoid attended bad options

vmPFC tracks the difference in value between the

currently attended options vs. the currently unattended option

behavior transitions over time from being deliberative/goal-driven to being

habitual (reflexive stimulus-response association)

the transition between goal directed to habitual behavior involves a shift in control from

medial to lateral regions of dorsal striatum

lesioning DMS (dorsal medial striatum) leads to more

habitual behavior

learned pavlovian associations can promote learning of

appropriate actions (e.g., approach) (e.g., mediated by amygdala/vStr)

the learned association can

bias us towards actions that compete with our current goal

while forming a decision or judgement, we can be influenced by

status quo (e.g., stay vs switch course)

defaults (e.g., exploit vs. explore, brand name)

heuristics (e.g., win-stay/lose-switch)

anchors (e.g., most accessible value)

overriding biases typically requires engaging

cognitive control circuits (e.g., ACC, LPFC)… just like with Stroop!

confidence monitoring involves some of the same brain regions as are used to monitor potential errors/conflict (e.g., ACC), both for

perceptual and value-based choice