AP Psych - Motivation/Emotion

Basal metabolic rate

The number of resting calories the body needs combined with total daily energy expenditure

Set point theory

A person’s weight is generally fixed, and the body corrects itself for homeostasis

PC: The number is SET to stay around a fixed POINT

Lateral hypothalamus

Signals the body to eat (hunger)

PC: Not putting it off until later

Ventromedial hypothalamus

Signals the body to stop eating (fullness)

PC: Ventromedial is full of vowels

Insulin

A hunger hormone secreted by the Pancreas to regulate blood sugar while you eat (signals body to eat when blood sugar drops)

PC: insul-IN (helps sugar go in)

Ghrelin

A hunger hormone that is secreted from the stomach to tell the brain it needs food

PC: Ghrenlin is the Growling hormone

Leptin

A hunger hormone secreted by fat cells to tell the brain it’s full

*Low leptin sensitivity: brain doesn’t register feeling full

PC: the ‘let’s lighten up’ hormone

Anorexia nervosa

An eating disorder categorized by excessive calorie restriction due to body image issues that leads to a dangerously low body weight

Bulimia nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by cycles of binge eating followed by purging through things like vomit or laxatives

Binge-eating disorder

An eating disorder similar to bulimia (but without purging)

Instinct theory

An evolutionary motivation theory stating that we are driven by innate & unlearned drives that promote survival

Drive-reduction theory

A biological motivation theory stating that human behavior is caused by a drive to reduce an unpleasant physical state (like getting a headache when you’re thirsty and drinking water to make it go away)

Sensation-seeking theory

A biological motivation theory that states that all human behavior is rooted in a desire for excitement and novel experiences

Optimal arousal theory

A biological motivation theory stating that all human behavior is motivated to do things that helps us reach a balanced level of physical arousal

Incentive theory

A behavioral motivation theory stating that human behavior is driven by a desire for external rewards and shaped by operant conditioning

Hierarchy of needs

A humanistic motivation theory stating that we must satisfy bottom levels of needs before being able to move up to the next (& are driven to be the best we can be)

Order: physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization, transcendence

Circadian rhythm

A 24 hour sleep-wake cycle that the body naturally works on

nREM-1 stage

The sleep stage that occurs first, as a person is trying to fall asleep and is characterized by alpha waves and hypnagogic hallucinations

nREM-2 stage

The stage of light sleep that is characterized by theta waves, sleep spindles, and sleep talking

nREM-3 stage

The stage of deep sleep that is categorized by delta waves, restorative functions, and sleep disorders

PC: D for Delta and Deep sleep

Rapid Eye Movement (REM) stage

The stage of sleep categorized by beta waves, rapid eye movement, dreaming, and paralysis

Insomnia

A sleep disorder that makes it incredibly difficult for a person to fall to sleep or stay asleep

Narcolepsy

A sleep disorder that’s characterized by random sleep attacks that last from seconds to minutes

Somnambulism

A sleep disorder where people walk wile asleep, possibly talking or having mouths open

Night terrors

A sleep disorder where a person experiences intense fear, reacting harshly with screams and kicks (no visualization present)

*Increased SNS activation

Sleep Apnea

A sleep disorder where someone will repeatedly stop breathing while they’re asleep (related to obesity/smoking/blocked airways)

Wish-fulfillment theory

A psychoanalytic theory that our dreams are our unconscious wishes, and if manifest content is looked past and latent content is examined, possibly dark/socially unacceptable desires are explained

*Freud

Manifest content

What literally happened in your dream

Latent content

What the dream symbolizes

Consolidation theory

A cognitive theory that we dream to consolidate our day’s memories (evidence: we have longer REM sleep when stressed because the brain is sorting through what happened

Activation-synthesis theory

A biological theory that dreams are the brain’s attempt to make sense of sparks of random neural connections between things that occur because the brain is most active at this time

REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)

A sleep disorder where a person acts out vivid, often unpleasant dreams

Industrial-Organizational Psychology (I/O Psych)

Scientific study of behavior in the workplace

Theory X

Coined by Douglas McGregor, theory X leaders assume their employees or students inherently dislike work and need to be forced to comply

*Works better with blue collar jobs

Theory Y

Coined by Douglas McGregor, theory Y leaders assume their employees or students like work/want to do well and trust their judgement

*Works better with white collar jobs

Task leadership

Goal oriented, good communication, keeps team on task

PC: Doctor Bailey from Grey’s Anatomy

Social leadership

Relationship focused (may set up teambuilding events/activities), gets to know employees, democratic decisions

PC: Mr. Dow

Self-Determination theory

A theory describing the 3 components to intrinsic motivation, which are autonomy, relatedness (“purpose”), and competence (“mastery”)

PC: Three words, three components

Learned Needs Theory

The theory that we are born with 3 basic motivators (affiliation/social interaction, power, & achievement) and one of them will be dominant

Intrinsic motivation

Motivated by inner success and a desire to learn

Extrinsic motivation

Motivated by external factors like money or grades

Overjustification Effect

When a person is rewarded for something they already enjoy doing, they may lose motivation to do it since their focus has shifted from the task to the enjoyment

Types of employees

Engaged (enjoy work, intrinsic motivation, 1/3 people), not engaged (going through the motions, don’t care, ½ people), & actively disengaged (miserable at work, not involved, undermines others, 1/6 people)

Flow

A state of deep concentration reached when a person reaches the perfect balance of challenge so that they aren’t anxious (too high) or bored (too low)

*Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi

Grit

The perseverance to work through challenges and try again after failure

Self-efficacy

A person’s belief in their ability to succeed

PC: Whether they’re efficient

Display rules

Cultural norms pertaining to the expression of emotions

James-Lange theory

The emotion theory that emotions are a result of interpretating physiological arousal

• FLAW: autonomic changes are too similar to each other to create different emotions

*PC: Lange sounds french; french people get aroused easily

Facial-feedback hypothesis

Facial muscles can trigger/cause emotional responses

Cannon-Bard theory

The emotion theory that emotions and physiological arousal occur at the same time, and stimuli information is set by the thalamus to the cerebral cortex and the autonomic nervous system simultaneously

PC: Like 2 cannons going off

Schachter-Singer (“Two-Factor”) theory

The emotion theory that emotions are made up of two “ingredients” - physiological change and cognitive appraisal (interpretation), and our emotion comes from how we label it

PC: Two “S”s, two factors

Low Road of emotion

The travel path taken by basic emotions that bypasses the cerebral cortex and goes straight from the thalamus to the amygdala (part of the Zajonc-Ledoux theory)

High Road of emotion

The travel path taken by more complex emotions that sends stimulus information from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex for processing, and then to the amygdala for the response (part of the Zajonc-Ledoux theory)

PC: Cerebral cortex is literally higher in the brain

Opponent-process theory (of emotion)

When one emotion is immediately followed by the exact opposite emotion

PC: opponent = opposite

Spillover effect

When one emotional experience can carry on through the day to other situations

Feel good, do good phenomenon

When we feel positive emotions, we do good things, and when we do good things, we feel positive emotions

Frustration-aggression principle

Frustration leads to aggressive behavior; we are not combative/destructive without arousal

Stress hormones

Cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine

Eustress

Positive stress that enhances performance

Distress

Negative stress that inhibits performance

Yerkes-Dodson law

There is a relationship between stress (arousal) and performance, and the right, moderate amount of stress can lead to peak performance

*Right in the middle of distress and eustress

PC: Jesper from SOC

Type A personality characteristics

Organized, driven, occasionally hostile with others, time urgent, perfectionist, higher stress levels

Type B personality characteristics

Laid-back, procrastination, tolerant, flexible, lower stress levels

General Adaptation Syndrome

Our stress response cycle over time consisting of

• Alarm

• Resistance

• Exhaustion

PC: Made by someone names Hans, Hans from Frozen used to make me stressed

Problem-focused coping

Coping skills directly addressing the problem that are used when it’s perceived as controllable

Emotion-focused coping

Coping skills focused on regulating emotional responses that are used when the problem is perceived as less controllable

Tend-and-befriend theory

One way we respond to stress is by seeking social connection with others (because oxytocin/estrogen promote bonding/stress reduction)

*Alternative to fight or flight

Biofeedback

A technique using electrical devices that measure vitals as a person experiences guided exercise

Catharsis

Doing something to release negative emotions

Approach-approach conflict

Choice between two appealing things

Approach-avoidance conflict

Choice that has both attractive and unattractive features (Ex: college decisions)

Avoidance-avoidance conflict

Choice between two unappealing things

Emotional intelligence (EQ)

The ability to manage your emotions characterized by

• Self-awareness

• Self-regulation

• Self-motivation

• Empathy

• Relationships

*Leads to more success and happiness that IQ

Internal locus of control

Believing you have control of what happens to you

*more confident, take responsibility

External locus of control

Believing outcomes are uncontrollable and due to luck/fate/etc (outside forces)

*Passive, blame others, higher rates of mental illness