Week 4: Respiratory System & Special Senses

What are the organs of the respiratory system?

• nose

• Pharynx

• Larynx

• Trachea

• Bronchial tree

• Lungs

What is the nose made of?

• bones, cartilage and skin

• Contains small hairs, cilia, to prevent particles from entering

Where is the pharynx located?

• back of the throat

• Shared with digestive system

• During respiration, air, enter through the nose and mouth into the pharynx

What does the larynx produce?

• voice (voice box)

• Epiglottis - flap that diverts throat contents to the trachea or esophagus

Where is the trachea located?

• main airway that extends from larynx and branches into bronchi

• Lined with cilia

• Windpipe

What do the lungs contain?

• bronchi, alveoli, blood vessels

• Right lung larger than left

• Surrounded by membrane, pleura

• Bronchi - 2 large tubes that carry air from windpipe to lungs

• Alveoli - “air sacs” where oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange

What are the causes of altered breathing patterns?

• coughing

• Sneezing

• Laughing

• Crying

• Hiccups

• Yawning

• Speaking

What is the function of the respiratory system?

• move air in and out of lungs, respiration

• Exchange of oxygen writhing lungs - external respiration

• Respiratory and cardiovascular system work together to deliver oxygen and remove carbon dioxide

• Exchange of oxygen writhing hemoglobin of a RBC - internal respiration

Define respiratory volumes?

• different volumes of air move in and out of lungs with different intensities of breathing

• Respiratory volumes are measured to assess health of respiratory system

What are the different types of respiratory volumes?

• tidal volume

• Inspiratory reserve volume

• Expiratory reserve volume

• Residual volume

• Vital capacity

• Total lung capacity

Define tidal volume:

• amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs during a normal breath

Define inspiratory reserve volume:

• amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled following a normal inhalation

Define expiratory reserve volume:

• amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled following a normal exhalation

Define residual volume:

• volume of air that always remains in the lungs even after a forceful exhalation

Define vital capacity:

• amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after the deepest inhalation possible

Define total lung capacity:

• total amount of air the lungs can hold

What is pulmonary function testing?

• also known as spirometry

• Measure various lung functions

• Commonly used to diagnose asthma And chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Define external respiration:

• exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs

Define internal respiration:

• exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide within hemoglobin of RBC’s

What are the special senses?

• vision

• Hearing

• Taste

• Smell

• Touch

Define accommodation:

• ability of lens to change shape

Define refraction:

• bending of light that enters the eye to focus it on the retina; cornea performs this function

What is the structure of the ear?

• provides sense of hearing

• Aids the body in maintains balance, or equilibrium

• Ear is divided into 3 parts - external ear, middle ear, and inner ear

Define asthma:

• inflammation in airways - wheezing, coughing, tightness in chest, inhalers prescribed

Define atelectasis:

• collapse of part or all of a lung; caused by a blockage of the air passage, COPD, pleurisy (pleura becomes inflamed), lung cancer

Define bronchitis:

• inflammation of the bronchi often due to infection. Symptoms: yellow-gray or green mucus, fever, coughing

Define influenza:

• Viral disease that attacks the respiratory system; commonly called flu

Define laryngitis:

• acute inflammation of larynx causing hoarseness (dysphonia)

Define pneumonia:

• infection of lower lung caused by bacteria, virus, or parasite

Define hearing loss:

• deafness; loss of ability to hear sounds at normal levels

Define cerumen impaction:

• build up of wax within external auditory canal with some degree of hearing loss due to blocked sound waves

Define Ménière’s disease:

• inner ear problem, Unkown cause. Starts in people between 30 and 50 years old. Dizziness, ringing in ear and sensitivity to loud sounds

Define otosclerosis:

• immobilization of the stapes due to scarring; common cause of conductive hearing loss/ hardening of the middle ear bone

Define presbycusis:

• hearing loss due to aging process

Define otitis externa:

• outer ear infection - swimmers ear

Define chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD):

• group of lung disorders that limit airflow to lungs and usually cause enlargement of alveoli. Caused by smoking and pollutants

Define emphysema:

• damage to alveoli from smoking. Most common type of COPD- associated with smoking

Define legionnaires disease:

• from legionella bacteria found in contaminated water of air conditioning systems

Define sclera:

• white portion

Define pupil:

• center opening

Define cornea:

• clear covering in the center of the eye

Define iris:

• colored portion

Define retina:

• captures vision input

Define conjunctiva:

• clear coating on the outside of the eye

Define lens:

• allows eye to focus on objects at varying distances

• Located behind the iris and in front of the vitreous body

• Changes shape, bends light to focus properly on the retina

Define refraction:

• bending of light that enters the eye to focus it on the retina; cornea performs this function

Define astigmatism:

• cornea or lens has abnormal shape

Define myopia:

• dysfunction of lens

• Nearsighted can’t see far away

Define hyperopia:

• dysfunction of lens. Farsighted. Can’t see close up

Define blepharitis:

• inflammation of the eyelid

Define pinna:

• also called auricle - outer ear structure

Define malleus, incus, and stapes:

• also known as ossicles - bones of ear

Definitely cochlea:

• hearing receptor

Define labyrinth:

• inner ear

Define organ Of corti:

• Organ of hearing

Define tympanic membrane:

• sound waves cause it to vibrate; separates outer ear from middle ear; detects balance

Define Eustachian tube:

• connects throat to middle ear

Define otitis media:

• middle ear infection, usually requires antibiotics

Define otitis interna - inner ear:

• inner ear infection

Define tinnitus:

• ringing or other noises in one or both of your ears

Define olfactory:

• smell

Define gustatory:

• the taste

Define optic:

• eyes

Define otic:

• ears

Define lacrimal:

• tears

Define Bleph:

• eyelids

Define Presby:

• related to aging