Music
AP Music Theory
Unit 2: Music Fundamentals II: Minor Scales and Key Signatures, Melody, Timbre, and Texture
scales
natural minor scale
minor pentachord
scale dregree
tonic
natural
harmonic
melodic
parallel keys
relative keys
circle of fifths
closely related keys
distantly related keys
modulation
chromatic scale
heptatonic scale
pentatonic scale
interval
quality
inverted interval
timbre
melody
motivic transformation
retrograde
rhythmic transformation
texture
monophonic
ragtime
ostinato
sequence
alberti bass
imitative
polyphonic
solo
soli
tutti
syncopation
accents
agogic accent
fermata
tenuto
meter
duple meter
triple meter
compound meter
irregular meter
University/Undergrad
Sharps
________ are used for the ascending scale.
Enharmonic equivalent flats
________ are used for the descending scale.
exact interval size
The ________ is described by quantity and quality.
Heptatonic
________ scales- There are seven tones in the scale.
Agogic
________ accent- A type of accent that is created by emphasizing the duration of a note.
Major
________ and minor scales are heptatonic.
Natural minor scale
The sixth scale in the rotation of church modes
Three forms of minor
Natural, harmonic, and melodic
Minor pentachord
Same first five notes that the three forms of minor start with
Natural form of minor
No alterations to the key signature
Harmonic form of minor
The 7th scale degree is raised both ascending and descending
Melodic form of minor
The 6th and 7th scale degrees are raised
Scale degree
Each step of the scale
Tonic
The beginning pitch of the scale
Scale degree 1
The tone on which the scale is built, the tonal center
Scale degree 2
Above the tonic
Scale degree 3
Halfway between the tonic and dominant
Scale degree 4
A fifth below the tonic
Scale degree 5
Perfect fifth above the tonic
Scale degree 6
In between the subdominant and the tonic
Scale degree 7
Half step below Do
Parallel keys
Major and minor keys with different key signature but same tonic
Relative keys
Major and minor scales that have the same pitches and key signature
Three forms of minor
Natural, harmonic, and melodic
Natural form of minor
No alterations to the key signature
Harmonic form of minor
The 7th scale degree is raised both ascending and descending
Melodic form of minor
The 6th and 7th scale degrees are raised
Parallel keys
Keys that share the same tonic note but have different key signatures
Closely related keys
Keys that have a small number of differences in their key signatures
Distantly related keys
Keys that have a large number of differences in their key signatures
Modulation
The process of changing from one key or tonal center to another
Chromatic scale
Symmetrical scale with all pitches spaced a half step apart
Heptatonic scales
There are seven tones in the scale
Hexatonic scale
There are six tones in this scale
Whole-tone scale
Each pitch is a whole step apart
Pentatonic scale
Has five tones
Major pentatonic
To build it, in the Circle of Fifths, start from C up to 5 consecutive pitches
Relative minor pentatonic
It uses the same pitch as the C pentatonic but it starts on A
Interval
The distance between two pitches
Quality
Expressed by a number and determined by counting the distance between one letter name and the next letter name
Diminished interval
An interval that is one-half step smaller than perfect or minor
Augmented interval
An interval that is one-half step larger than major or perfect
Consonant intervals
Stable
Dissonant intervals
Unstable, the impression of activity or tension
Inverted intervals
Intervals are inverted by transferring the lower note an octave higher or by transferring the higher note an octave lower
Simple intervals
Intervals that are one octave or smaller in quantity
Compound intervals
Intervals that are larger than an octave
Timbre
Determined by how the sound is produced, what the instrument is made of, and the range of an instrument
Melody
A logical progression of pitches and rhythms
Conjunct
When the melody uses stepwise motion
Disjunct
When the melody uses skipwise motion
Motivic transformation
Changing or transforming the original motif by using these compositional devices
Fragmentation
When a portion of a motif or a larger musical idea is used, often repeated, and/or varied
Melodic sequence
A form of variation that refers to repeating the original motif starting on a different pitch
Melodic inversion (Inversion)
The imitation of the melody performed upside down from the original melody
Mirror inversion
If the inverted intervals are exact
Retrograde
When the melody is played backwards
Retrograde inversion
It plays the pitches of the original motif backwards and inverted
Rhythmic transformation
Changes the motif or themes rhythm in order to vary it from previous statements of the motif
Augmentation
A form of rhythmic variation where the pitches remain the same but the rhythms are equally lengthened (note values are made longer)
Diminution
The opposite of augmentation, note values are made shorter
Rhythmic displacement
Keeps the original rhythmic structure intact but moves it to a different place in the measure
Texture
Basic element of music
Monophonic
Has only one melodic line with no harmony or counterpoint
Homophonic
Has one melodic line that draws your attention
Chordal homophony
Every line or voice moving together with exactly the same or nearly the same rhythm
Melody with accompaniment
Clearly has only one melodic line, but the harmony is not limited to chords moving together
Ostinato
Short melodic, rhythmic, or harmonic pattern that is repeated throughout an entire composition or some portion of a composition
Ragtime
An American style of music that was popular at the turn of the 20th century
Sequence
The repeated melodic pattern at a different interval
Heterophonic
Theres only one melody but different variations of it are being sung or played at the same time
Alberti bass
An accompaniment figure played on a keyboard instrument with the left hand
Walking bass
A style of bass accompaniment or line that creates a feeling of regular quarter-note movement, similar to the regular alternation of feet while walking
Polyphonic (Polyphony, Counterpoint, Contrapuntal)
If more than one independent melody is occurring at the same time
Imitative
If the individual lines are similar in their shapes and sounds
Fugue
A form of composition popular in the Baroque era, in which a theme or subject is introduced by one voice and is imitated by other voices in succession
Nonimitative
If the voice shows little or no resemblance to each other
Countermelody
A secondary melody or line written to be played simultaneously with a more prominent melody
Solo
A single performer or a passage that is to be performed by a single performer
Soli
A directive to perform an indicated passage of a composition with an entire section of an ensemble
Tutti
All members play
Syncopation
The rhythmic displacement of the expected strong beat created by using dots, rests, ties, accent marks, rhythm, and dynamics
Hemiola
A special type of syncopation where the bead is temporarily regrouped into twos
Accents
Markings used in music notation to indicate emphasis or stress on a particular note or beat
Regular accent
Indicated by a diagonal line above or below the note
Strong accent
Indicated by a vertical line above the note
Staccato accent
Indicated by a dot above or below the note, and it indicates that the note should be played short and detached
Agogic accent
A type of accent that is created by emphasizing the duration of a note
Fermata
A symbol used in music notation to indicate that a note or rest should be held longer than its written value
Tenuto
A marking used in music notation to indicate that a note should be held for its full value
Meter
The organization of beats into regular groups
Duple meter
Two beats per measure
Triple meter
Three beats per measure
Quadruple meter
Four beats per measure
Compound meter
A combination of duple and triple meter
Irregular meter
It has an irregular grouping of beats