Biological Macromolecules

Mouth

Preforms mechanical and chemical digestion with teeth and saliva.

Esophagus

Transports food from the mouth to the stomach

Stomach

Preforms mechanical digestion and produces acid mucus and enzymes for chemical digestion

Small Intestine

preforms the final steps of chemical digestion and nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream

Large Intestine

Forms and eliminates feces with help of commensal bacteria that breakdown some undigested food molecules

Pancreas

releases many different enzymes into the small intestine

Ingestion

Process of taking a substance into the body

Digestion

process of breaking down food into smaller molecules that the body can absorb

Absorption

Process of taking in small molecules to to your bloodstream

Elimination

Removing Indigestible waste products from the body (feaces)

Explain the difference between mechanical digestion and chemical digestion.

• Mechanical is the physical breakdown of food to smaller pieces

• Chemical is the breakdown of food into simple nutrient molecules through chemical reaction and enzymes

Sequence of digestion

• Mouth

• Esophagus

• Stomach

• Small Intestine

• Large Intestine

Carbohydrates Contain

Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen CH2O

Lipids Contain

Carbon Hydrogen and a little Oxygen

Proteins Contains

Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Sulfer

Nucleic Acids Contain

Hydrogen Carbon Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorous

what are the differences between monosaccharides disaccharides and polysaccharides?

The main difference is the number of sugar units: monosaccharides are single sugars (like glucose), disaccharides are two monosaccharides linked together (like sucrose), and polysaccharides are long chains of many monosaccharides (like starch or cellulose)

Describe the difference between a saturated fatty acid and unsaturated fatty acidan

The main difference is that saturated fatty acids have only single bonds between carbon atoms, while unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds.

Describe three differences between the structure of DNA and RNA

Three structural differences between DNA and RNA are that DNA is double-stranded while RNA is single-stranded, DNA uses the sugar deoxyribose while RNA uses ribose, and DNA contains the base thymine (T) while RNA has uracil (U) instead.

What are the three common bases between DNA and RNA?

The three common bases between DNA and RNA are adenine (A), guanine (G), and cytosine (C).

What are the names of the bonds found in each group of molecules?

Carbohydrates = Glycoside Bonds

Lipids = Ester bonds

Proteins = Peptide Bonds

Nucleic Acids = Phosphidether Bonds

What are the different building blocks of each molecule?

Carbohydrates = Monosaccharides

Lipids = Fatty Acids

Proteins = Amino Acids

Nucleic Acids = Nucleotides

Describe the function of Carbohydrates

• Short-term energy use

• Structural Support

Describe the function of Proteins

Most cell functions

• Movement (Muscles)

• Insulin Protection

• Cell Membrane

• Transportation (Cells and Body)

• Regulatory

• Signaling (If not Lipid)

• Structural

• Enzymes

Describe the function of Lipids

• Long-term energy use

• insulation and protection of organs

• cell membrane (Structure)

• signaling

Describe the function of Nucleic Acids

Storage and expression of genetic info

• DNA Storage

• RNA Expression

What are the four levels of protein structure.

1. Order of Amino acids

2. Backbone folds (Alpha Helix) (Beta Sheet)

3. 3D shape (R group interactions

4. Multiple peptide backbones

What is one thing all lipids share in common

Hydrophobic