Chapter 1 Textbook Quiz

These are the exact questions and answers from Chp1 textbook quiz.

What is meant when microorganisms are described as "ubiquitous"?

They are everywhere.

In one sentence, define “pathogen”.

A microbe that causes a disease (e.g. viruses, bacteria, protozoa)

Fill in the blank: “___________ microbes that are associated with humans cause no harm.”

(a) Most

(b) Few

(c) No

(d) All

(a) Most microbes that are associated with humans cause no harm.

A general term used to describe a disease that is not cause by a microbe is a(n) __________________ disease.

A general term used to describe a disease that is not cause by a microbe is a(n) non-communicable disease.

(or noninfectious, non-infectious, non infectious)

An infectious disease that is transmitted from person to person is described as
____________________.

An infectious disease that is transmitted from person to person is described as
communicable.

Other correct answers:

• transmissible

• contagious

The term used to refer to the fact that microbes exist nearly everywhere on the Earth is
___________.

The term used to refer to the fact that microbes exist nearly everywhere on the Earth is
ubiquitous.

Is the arrow pointing to a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell?

Prokaryotic Cell

Reason:

Unlike a prokaryote, a eukaryotic cell has a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles. The largest cell, located on the right, is eukaryotic.

The general term used to refer to any disease-causing microorganism is a(n) __________.

The general term used to refer to any disease-causing microorganism is a(n) pathogen.

The cells of which microorganisms contain organelles?

Eukaryotes

For human health and well-being, it is important to have a ________ microbiota.

For human health and well-being, it is important to have a diverse microbiota.

Any small, membrane-bound component found inside of an eukaryotic cell is called a(n) _____________.

Any small, membrane-bound component found inside of an eukaryotic cell is called a(n) organelle.

T or F: An infectious disease is one that is caused by a microorganism.

True

All microbial diseases are _____________, but they are not all _____________.

All microbial diseases are infectious, but they are not all communicable.

Briefly define “infectious”.

Infectious means capable of causing an infection.Not all eukaryotes are microorganisms.

T or F: Not all eukaryotes are microorganisms.

True

Which of the 7 types of microorganisms have cells that do NOT contain organelles?

1. Bacteria

2. Archaea

Only types of microorganisms that are prokaryotic

Prokaryotic —> meaning no organelles

Small, membrane-bound components found inside of a eukaryotic cell, such as mitochondria and lysosomes, are referred to as ____________.

Small, membrane-bound components found inside of a eukaryotic cell, such as mitochondria and lysosomes, are referred to as organelles.

The belief that plants, animals, and people came from an invisible life-giving force, as if generated from thin air, is called spontaneous generation or ______________.

The belief that plants, animals, and people came from an invisible life-giving force, as if generated from thin air, is called spontaneous generation or abiogenesis.

A general term used to describe a disease that is not caused by a microbe is a(n) ____________ disease.

A general term used to describe a disease that is not caused by a microbe is a(n) non communicable disease.

The scientist who helped disprove the belief in spontaneous generation by designing a long, bent "swan neck" for his flasks was _________________.

The scientist who helped disprove the belief in spontaneous generation by designing a long, bent "swan neck" for his flasks was Louis Pasteur.

What did Robert Hooke do to be regarded as a pioneer in microbiology?

Robert Hooke

Observed cellular structures in tree bark and mold spots using one of the first microscopes.

What did John Needham do to be regarded as a pioneer in microbiology?

What did Antonie van Leeuwenhoek do to be regarded as a pioneer in microbiology?

• First to observe living microbes (bacteria, protozoa) using handcrafted microscopes.

• Described microbes from dental plaque.

Name 2 key experiments used in disapproving the “spontaneous generation” theory.

For each experiment provide:

(a) name of scientist who led it

(b) brief description of method

(c) brief description of outcome

Re-arrange the following statements in order to be in correct scientific method.

1) An experiment is conducted to test the hypothesis.

2) A phenomenon is observed in the natural world.

3) The scientist develops an explanation known as a hypothesis.

4) Analysis leads to either rejection or support of hypothesis.

2) A phenomenon is observed in the natural world.

3) The scientist develops an explanation known as a hypothesis.

1) An experiment is conducted to test the hypothesis.

4) Analysis leads to either rejection or support of hypothesis.

The theory that living organisms develop as a result of life-giving forces acting in non-living materials is called:

spontaneous generation

What was the contribution of Tyndall to the field of microbiology?

• Recognized the existence of heat-resistant microbes and endospores

• John Tyndall discovered that gases, especially water vapor and carbon dioxide, trap heat, explaining the greenhouse effect and its potential impact on Earth's temperature.

John Needham and Louis Pasteur performed experiments to disprove _________ .

John Needham and Louis Pasteur performed experiments to disprove spontaneous generation .

An environment or material that is completely free of all life forms, including spores and virus particles, is referred to as ______.

An environment or material that is completely free of all life forms, including spores and virus particles, is referred to as sterile.

Which of the following events played a key role in the establishment of the science of microbiology?

(a) The organization of life into taxonomic hierarchies

(b) The discovery of X-rays

(c) The development of the microscope

(d) The discovery of DNA

Which scientist established a connection between infections in the maternity ward and physicians with unwashed hands coming directly from autopsies?

Ignaz Semmelweis

In the late 1600s, the Dutch linen merchant who developed a large collection of single-lens microscopes that he used to view microbes was ___________________.

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

What was the main contribution of Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes and Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis?

Recognized that humans could transfer infections to each other.

(Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes and Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis independently demonstrated that puerperal fever (childbed fever) was a contagious disease transmitted by physicians and introduced preventative measures)

Which microbiologist was responsible for introducing aseptic techniques to the operating room?

Joseph Lister.

Which microbiologist determined the cause of anthrax?

Louis Pasteur.

A systematic pursuit of knowledge that involves observation, hypothesis formation and testing, and the collection of data is called the scientific _______.

A systematic pursuit of knowledge that involves observation, hypothesis formation and testing, and the collection of data is called the scientific method.

Who first promoted the use of disinfecting agents in surgical operating rooms?

(a) Koch

(b) van Leeuwenhoek

(c) Lister

(d) Semmelweis

(c) Lister

Following Pasteur's work disproving spontaneous generation, John Tyndall provided initial evidence that some of the microbes in dust and air have very high __________ resistance, leading to the subsequent discovery of dormant microbial forms called __________.

Following Pasteur's work disproving spontaneous generation, John Tyndall provided initial evidence that some of the microbes in dust and air have very high heat / temperature resistance, leading to the subsequent discovery of dormant microbial forms called endospore.s

Who developed techniques for handling liquids (such as beer, wine, and milk) and also completed studies on infectious disease agents?

Louis Pasteur

T or F: A sterile environment is free of actively growing cells and microorganisms, but may contain viruses or dormant life forms such as endospores.

False

Reason: A sterile environment is completely free of all life forms, including spores, and viruses.

Which two physicians recognized that humans could transfer infection to each other, leading Joseph Lister to develop his aseptic techniques?

• Holmes

• Semmelweis

T or F: Lister first promoted the use of disinfecting agents prior to surgery.

True

Work by Louis Pasteur and other scientists to show that human diseases could arise from infection led to the ______ theory of disease.

Work by Louis Pasteur and other scientists to show that human diseases could arise from infection led to the Germ theory of disease.

The scientist who developed methods of making dairy products safer and revealed the role of microbes in the formation of beer and wine was __________.

The scientist who developed methods of making dairy products safer and revealed the role of microbes in the formation of beer and wine was Louis Pasteur.

Which of the following are contributions of Robert Koch:

(a) Established postulates to verify the germ theory of disease

(b) Confirmed the bacterial cause of anthrax

(c) Developed rabies vaccine

(d) Developed the beer and wine industry

(a) Established postulates to verify the germ theory of disease

(b) Confirmed the bacterial cause of anthrax

Which of the following are contributions of Robert Koch:

(a) Established postulates to verify the germ theory of disease

(b) Confirmed the bacterial cause of anthrax

(c) Developed rabies vaccine

(d) Developed the beer and wine industry

(c) Developed rabies vaccine

(d) Developed the beer and wine industry

Define “sterile”.

An environment or material that is completely free of all life forms, including spores and virus particles.

What is nomenclature?

Assigning specific names to organisms

The science of classifying living beings into categories is called, “___________”

The science of classifying living beings into categories is called, “taxonomy”

Binomial System of Nomenclature

• Microorganisms are named using binomial nomenclature:

  • Genus name (capitalized) + species name (lowercase), both italicized.

  • Example: Escherichia coli

• This system ensures consistency and clarity across languages and regions.

Microorganisms are named using ________ nomenclature.

Microorganisms are named using binomial nomenclature.

This binomial nomenclature system ensures _______ and ________ across languages and regions.

This binomial nomenclature system ensures consistency and clarity across languages and regions.

The germ theory of disease stated that…

microorganisms could cause infection and disease

For the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus represents the _______ name.

For the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus represents the genus name.

Who established the four postulates to verify the germ theory and developed many of the laboratory techniques still used in microbiology labs today?

Koch

Describe Koch’s 4 Postulates

Koch’s Four Postulates (criteria to prove a specific microbe causes a specific disease):

1. The microorganism must be found in all cases of the disease and not in healthy individuals.

2. The microorganism must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture.

3. The cultured microorganism must cause the same disease when introduced into a healthy, susceptible host.

4. The microorganism must be re-isolated from the experimentally infected host and shown to be the same as the original.

Which scientific name is properly abbreviated following its first use?

(a) Escherichia c.

(b) e. coli

(c) E. Coli

(d) E. coli

(d) E. coli ✅

• Genus capitalized, species lowercase.

• Both italicized (or underlined if handwritten).

The term applied to the method of assigning a scientific or specific name to an organism is
___________, whereas taxonomy involves the organization of these named organisms.

nomenclature

T or F: When writing a binomial name, the initial letter of the genus is capitalized and the species is in lower case.

True

Which scientific name is properly written in terms of capitalization?

(a) Escherichia Coli

(b) Escherichia coli

(c) escherichia Coli

(d) escherichia coli

(b) Escherichia coli

• Genus name is capitalized

• Species name starts w/ lower case

Which is true regarding scientific names?

(a) Scientific names are italicized in printed documents.

(b) Genus names may be abbreviated when they are first used.

(b) The first letters of a genus name and a species name should be capitalized.

(a) Scientific names are italicized in printed documents.