exam 1- Chest and Lungs- Abnormalities (part 2)

Chronic infections disease that most often begins in the lung but may have then widespread manifestations

Tubercuolosis

How is tuberculosis spread?

Coughing and sneezing

Tuberculosis may do what

Spread locally or throughout the body

TRUE or FALSE

Tuberculosis is asymptomatic in the latent period

TRUE

What are the 3 types of tuberculosis

Latent infection

Cavitary tuberculosis

Miliary tuberculosis

What is the presence of air or gas in the pleural cavity

Pneumothorax

What causes pneumothorax

Trauma or spontaneous rupture of a bleb (blister or bubble)

What is increasing pressure in pleural space

Tension pneumothorax

At first pneumothorax is________ then what may occur

First asymptomatic

Dyspnea and chest pain may occur

What are found on examination with pneumothorax

Hyperresonant percussion

Decreased tactile fremitus

Decreased breath sound

What is the pretense of blood in the pleural cavity

Hemothorax

What may cause hemothroax

Trauma

Medical procedures

What is the mix of air and plod in the pleural cavity

Hemopneumothorax

What are the findings for hemothorax

Decreased breath sounds

Dull percussion

Decreased tactile fremitus

What are some things that could result from hemothorax

Tachycardia and hypotension possible from loss of lots of blood

Lung cancer generally refers to?

Bronchogenic carcinoma

What is a malignant tumor that evolves from bronchial epithelial structures

Bronchogenic carcinoma

What are common causes of lung cancer

Tobacco

Radon

Asbestos

Radiation

Symptoms of lung cancer

Weight loss

Fever

Night sweats

Lung cancer may develop what?

Pneumonia and pleural effusion

If lung cancer is large enough, what things could you find on examination

Decreased breath sounds

Dull percussion

Increased tactile fremitus

What is an embolic occlusions of the pulmonary arteries from dislodged thrombosis from deep veins of the legs

Pulmonary embolism

Symptoms of pulmonary embolism

Pleuritic chest pain

Fever

Hypoxia

Tachycardia

What is pleuritic chest pain

Every breath hurts

What are the 2 tests used to diagnose a pulmonary embolism

Wells PE Prediction Rule

D-dimer test

What is a D-dimer test

Test for protein fragment form blood clot formation and break down

What is a score of less than 2 on Wells PE prediction

Low risk of pulmonary embolism (<7%)

What is a score of 2-6 on the Wells PE prediction

Intermediate risk of pulmonary embolism

What is a score greater than 6 on Wells PE prediction rule

High risk of pulmonary embolism (>45%)

What is lung disease and heart failure occurring at the same time

Cor pulmonale

What is an acute or chronic condition involving right sided heart failure

Cor pulmonale

What is the most common cause of pulmonary edema

Cardiogenic

-heart failure leading to back up of circulation in lungs

What are some non-cardiogenic causes of pulmonary edema

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

Upper airway obstruction

Altitude sickness

Neurogenic

Lung transplant

Capillary leak syndrome

What are the different categories of causes for pulmonary edeam

Cardiogenic

Non-Cardiogenic

Fluid in airways

What are symptoms with pulmonary edema from the cause of fluid being in the airways

Pink frothy sputum

Dyspnea

Tachypnea

Hypoxemia

What are findings with fluid in the airways with pulmonary edema

Crackles (bilateral, lower lobe crackles)

What is an acute LIFE THREATENING INFECTION

Epiglottis

Big symptom of epiglottis

Difficultly swallowing leading to DROOLING

What is the name for croup

laryngotracheal bronchitis

Croup is a _______ infection most often in what age?

Viral

Children age 1.5-3 yrs

Upper respiratory symptoms of croup

Mild fever

Harsh barking cough

Labored breathing

Retractions

Hoarseness

Stridor

Dr. Rowel had what disease growing up?

Croup

What is something that is interesting to know about croup

Self limiting and can be treated at home with cold or moist air

What is the result of imperfectly structures diaphragm

Diaphragmatic hernia

Diaphragmatic hernia most often occur on what side

Left side

Diaphragmatic hernia may lead to?

Severe respiratory distress

What is the big finding with a diaphragmatic hernia

Bowel sounds heard in the chest

What an autosomal recessive disorder of the exocrine glands involving the lungs, pancreas and sweat glands

Cystic fibrosis

Symptoms of cystic fibrosis

Clogged bronchi

Malabsorption

Poor weight gain

A patient with cycstic fibrosis develops?

A barrel chest

What is a lack of rigidity or floppiness of the trachea or airway

Tracheomalacia

Symptoms of tracheomalaxia

"Noisy breathing" (wheezing, stridor)

What is comforting to know about tracheomalacia

Self-limited with increasing age

Benign

What is a bronchiolar (small airway) inflammation leading to hyperinflation

Bronchiolitis

Bronchiolitis most often occurs in?

Infants younger than 6 months

Bronchiolitis is most commonly due to?

RSV

What is a nonspecific designation that includes a group of respiratory problems in which cough, chronic and often excessive sputum production and dyspnea are prominent features?

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Who is at the greatest risk of COPD

Smokes

What is a condition in which the lungs lose elasticity and alveoli enlarge in a way that disrupts function

Emphysema

How does emphysema disrupt function

There is more air space, less soft tissue and decrease in gas exchange

Emphysema is most commonly due to?

Smoking

Findings with emphysema

Barrel chests

Decreased breath sounds

Crackles, wheezes

Hyperresonant percussion

Decreased tactile fremitus

Chronic dilation of the bronchi or bronchioles that is caused by repeated pulmonary infections and bronchial obstruction

Bronchiectasis

What is often seen with bronchiectasis

Cystic fibrosis

Symptoms of bronchiectasis

Cough with large amounts of sputum

Hemoptysis

Tachypnea

Clubbing

Crackles

Rhonchi

What is a large airway inflammation that is usually result of chronic irritant exposure?

Chronic bronchitis

Who is more likely to get chronic bronchitis

Patients older than 40