BIO252 EXAM 3 - CHAMBERLAIN

referred pain of stomach

inferior to the xyphoid process and intermediate to the scapulae

sensory vs. perception

for perception to happen, the sensory signal must reach the cerebrum

special sensory cells

used to create special sensory reception

proprioreceptors

where your body is in space and time

mechanoreceptors

stretch (touch, pressure, vibrations, stretch, proprioception)

thermoreceptors

temperature

chemoreceptors

chemicals

photoreceptors

light

nociceptors

pain, fast (acute-sharp stabbing)

referred pain

the pain is broadcast to spots on your skin just over the organs or even far from it

Referred pain liver and gallbladder

right upper quadrant/ right shoulder

referred pain of the small intestines

umbilicus region

referred pain of the kidneys

superior to umbilicus and wraps around body down to thigh

adaptation

the ability to no longer perceive sensations due to prolonged exposure

free nerve endings

pain, temperature changes, tickle, itch

encapsulated nerve endings

touch, pressure, vibration

exteroceptors

sensations from outside the body

interoceptors

sensations from inside the body

osmoreceptors

osmolarity

referred pain of ureters

inguinal region, inferior aspect of the rectus abdominus

referred pain of bladder

five areas
superficial to sacral region
lower portion of umbilicus region
central in the inguinal region
two bilateral glute muscles

tactile receptors

touch, pressure, vibration, itch, and tickle

free nerve endings - tactile (itch, tickle), nontactile - temperature change, pain

root hair plexuses- sense movement on skin by movement of hair

corpuscles for touch

meissner's corpuscle- light touch, low frequency vibration

type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors

merkel cells- pressure

Type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors

Ruffini corpuscles- light and deep pressure (baroreceptors)

lamellated corpuscles

pacinian corpuscle- vibration

complex tactile sensations

combination of the previous nerve endings- gives surfaces textures

visible light is based on what?

wavelength

layers of the eye

fibrous layer, vascular layer, retina, anterior chamber, vitreous chamber

fibrous tunic

sclera and cornea

sclera

whites of the eye
made of dense irregular connective tissue
extrinsic eye muscles attach

cornea

less strong but more transparent than the sclera allowing light to pass through

vascular tunic

choroid, ciliary body, iris

choroid

begins with the center of the optic nerve and extends to the choroid
mostly made of connective tissue and blood vessels

ciliary body

ciliary muscles, ciliary process, zonular fibers

ciliary muscles

responsible for changing the shape of the lens

ciliary process

secretes aqueous humor

zonular fibers

connect the lens to the ciliary body

retina

photoreceptors (rods and cones)
bipolar cell layer
ganglion cell layer
horizontal cell layer
amacrine cells

anterior chamber (cavity) of the eye

aqueous humor

vitreous chamber

vitreous body

physiology of vision

1. Light must be refracted (bent) precisely so it is focused on the fovea centralis and macula of the retina
2. Light is refracted first and most by the cornea, then the aqueous humor in the anterior cavity, then the lens, and then the vitrous humor in the posterior cavity
3. Changing the shape of the lens helps us accommodate for near, intermediate, and far vision.
- The Accommodation Reflex.
4. Eye optics causes the image to be inverted on the retina
5. The cerebral cortex (brain) corrects this inversion so objects are seen in their correct orientation
6. Incorrect focusing on the retina results in poor vision.
7. Corrective lenses (glasses) fix incorrect focusing by bending the light and directing it toward the fovea.

olfaction

olfactory chemoreceptors cells send the signal to olfactory nerve, olfactory bulb, olfactory tracts, limbic system, and temporal and frontal lobes

gustatory receptor cells send the signal to

fascial nerve (CN VII)- anterior 2/3 of tongue, glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) posterior 1/3 of tongue and pharynx, and vagus nerve (CN X) epiglottis

after the gustatory receptor cells send signals to the cranial nerves it will pass the signal to the

medulla oblongata, thalamus, and parietal lobe

papillae

bumps on the tongue

vallate papillae

12 of them each containing 100-300 taste buds

fungiform papillae

scattered all over the tongue and contain about 5 taste buds each

foliate papillae

located in the lateral trenches of the tongue and degenerate in early childhood

filiform papillae

cover the entire tongue surface, contain NO taste buds but rather function to increase friction to move food and contain tactile receptors

taste sensations

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami

sound travels from the

outer ear, down auditory canal, tympanic membrane (ear drum), to the middle ear, eustachian tube; ossicles oval window; round window, to the inner ear; bony labyrinth and cochlea , organ of corti

the maculae of the utricle and saccule detect

linear acceleration or deceleration of the head

cristae in semicircular canals detect

rotation

otoliths present in semicircular canals help detect

head rotation

vertigo

loss of sense of balance or "spinning" of the room

causes of vertigo

stroke, encephalitis, and toxins or drugs like alcohol

maculae degeneration

"Dark spots" in vision caused by a destruction of the macula lutea
wet and dry

wet macular degeneration

caused by poorly constructed capillaries

dry maculae degeneration

destruction without leaky vessels

general functions of the endocrine system

metabolism, growth, sleep, mood, tissue function, reproduction, stress, fluid dynamics

primary endocrine structures

Structures whose roll is only in the production of hormones: Pineal gland, Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, Parathyroid gland, and Adrenal gland

secondary endocrine structures

structures capable of producing hormones but that is not their only function: pancreas, thymus, skin, heart, stomach, liver, kidneys, hypothalamus, gonads, small intestine

lipid soluble

bound to transport proteins; receptors inside cells
steroid based, thyroid hormones, and nitric oxide

water soluble

circulate freely in blood
amines, peptides, proteins, glycoproteins, and eicosanoids

hormonal stimuli

other hormones either trigger the release or inhibit the release

neural stimuli

neurons control the trigger or inhibition of the release

humoral stimuli

chemicals control the trigger or inhibition of the release

hypothalamus connects to the pituitary via

the stalk of the infundibulum

hypothalamus is connected to the anterior pituitary by

blood vessels (adenohypophysis)
hypophyseal portal system

hypothalamus is connected to the posterior pituitary via

nerves (neurohypohysis)