5.3.5 Contraception

What hormones does the contraceptive pill contain?

Oestrogen and progesterone.

How does the mixed contraceptive pill work?

High oestrogen inhibits FSH so no eggs mature; it also prevents the uterus lining from developing and thickens cervical mucus to block sperm.

What are possible side effects of the mixed contraceptive pill?

Changes in mood, mood swings, depression, breast pain or tenderness, breast enlargement, and increased blood pressure.

How does the progesterone-only pill differ from the mixed pill?

It has fewer side effects compared to the mixed pill.

What hormones does the contraceptive patch contain and how long does it last?

Oestrogen and progesterone; lasts for one week.

What hormone does the contraceptive implant release and how long does it last?

Progesterone; lasts for three years.

What hormone does the contraceptive injection contain and how long does it last?

Progesterone; lasts for 2 to 3 months.

What hormone does the plastic intrauterine device (IUD) release and how is it placed?

Progesterone; T-shaped device inserted into the uterus.

How does the copper intrauterine device work?

It kills sperm in the uterus and prevents fertilised embryos from implanting in the uterine lining.

What are examples of barrier methods of contraception?

Condoms and diaphragms.

What is the main limitation of condoms?

They can tear, allowing sperm through.

How does a diaphragm work?

It is a plastic cup placed over the cervix and used with spermicide to prevent sperm entering the uterus.

What are spermicides and how effective are they?

Chemical methods that kill or disable sperm; about 70-80% effective.

What are surgical methods of contraception?

Male and female sterilisation by cutting and tying sperm ducts or fallopian tubes (permanent).

What is abstinence as a method of contraception?

Avoiding intercourse so that no egg is fertilised, sometimes practised only during ovulation.