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Population Distribution
Physical factors: climate (mid-latitude regions 60-degree North or South of the equator), landforms (mountain, desert, etc. have lower population), water (drinking, for farming, transportation)
Human Factors: Culture, Economics, Government, Transportation, Industry, Time of day
Ecumene
The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.
Has changed over time
Population clusters: South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, Europe
Population Density
A measurement of the number of people per given unit of land
Arithmetic Density
The total number of people divided by the total land area.
Says little about where people actually live or distributed in space
Physiological Density
total population divided by arable land (farmable land)
Can help show Carrying capacity of a country
Agricultural Density
number of farmers divided by arable land
can help determine LDC vs MDC.....MDC will have less farmers because of industrialization of farming techniques
Carrying Capacity
the largest population that an environment can support at any given time
Overpopulation
The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.
cohort
group unified by a specific common characteristic
Sex Ratio
The number of males per 100 females in the population.
Population Pyramid
A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.
demographics
the characteristics of a population with respect to age, race, gender etc
Life Expectancy
The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live.
Natural Increase Rate (NIR)
The percentage growth of a population in a year
crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.
lower in MDC and higher in LDC
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
The total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1,000 live births in a society.
Demographic Balancing Equation
Total Population Change = Births - Deaths + Immigrants - Emigrants
Doubling Time
The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.
Rule of 70
70 divided by % NIR = how long it will take the population to double
Demographic Transition Model (DTM)
Shows population change as countries modernize. The process of change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population.
5 stages of population change that countries pass through as they modernize
Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)
distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition
Pestilence & Famine
Receding Pandemics
Degenerative & Human Created Diseases
Delayed Degenerative Diseases
Reemerging Infectious & Parasitic Diseases
Thomas Malthus
Eighteenth-century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production. (population can outgrow food supply)
result will be war, famine, disease. (natural checks to population growth)
Neo-Malthus
People who adapted Malthus basic ideas to modern conditions
Argue the global overpopulation is a threat & will lead to depletion of nonrenewable resources, increased pollution, food shortages, as well as social/political/economic/environmental catastrophe
Esther Boserup
Argues against Malthus
Population change drives the intensity of agricultural production - people will find ways to increase the production of food by increasing workforce, machinery, fertilizers, etc.
It is not about production but rather distribution of food
Pronatalist Policies
government policies that encourage child birth to promote population growth
incentives: tax breaks, free child care, family discounts on government services, longer maternity/paternity leave,
Can be seen in countries in stage 5 of DTM
Ex: Italy, Japan, Germany, Singapore, Denmark
Antinatalist Policies
government policies that discourage child birth to decrease population growth
Incentives: Government sponsored/access to contraceptives, abortions, sterilization, or family planning clinics, higher taxes/fines for having multiple kids, access to low cost healthcare for smaller families,
Can be seen in countries in stage 2 or 3 of DTM
Ex: China, India, Nigeria
Contraceptives
used to prevent pregnancy: birth control, condoms etc
Dependency Ratio
The number of people under age 15 and over age 65 compared to the number of people active in the labor force
Medical Revolution
Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that is diffused to the poorer countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries and enabled more people to live longer and healthier lives.
Led countries to move to stage 2 of the DTM
Migration
a form of relocation diffusion involving a permanent move from one place to another
Immigration
Migration to a new location (Country)
I = into a new place
Emigration
movement of individuals out of a country
E = to leave a place
Ravenstein's Laws of Migration
1880s German geographer noted patterns about migration tendencies, demographics etc (why/how/who migrates)
Economic reasons
most people migrate short distances
Long Distance migrants usually move to Urban Areas (major economic activities found here....think Gravity Model)
Step Migration
Counter-migration
Men migrate further than women
Long Distance migrants are young adults rather than families with children
Rural to Urban
Zelinsky's Model of Migration
Coincides with the DTM
Claims that the type of migration that occurs within a country depends on its level of development
Stage 1: little or no permanent migration (move daily or seasonally)
Stage 2: Rural to Urban AND International migration
Stage 3-5: Migration is internal intraregional
Push/Pull Factors
Conditions that draw people to another location (pull factors) or cause people to leave their homelands and migrate to another region (push factors)
Intervening Opportunity
The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away.....pauses ones migration (movement)
Intervening Obstacle
hinders migration.
PHYSICAL FEATURES: mountains, oceans, deserts etc
MAN MADE BARRIERS such as The Berlin Wall, US/Mexico wall, Israeli Green Line Wall, POLITICAL policies restricting immigration, ECONOMIC cost of migrating, CULTURAL obstacles such as language, family pressure, hostility towards immigrants
Forced Migration
Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate because of political, economic, environmental and cultural factors
Refugee
A person who has been forced to leave their country in fear of their life
Internally Displaced Person (IDP)
Someone who has been forced to migrate for similar political / cultural reasons as a refugee but has NOT migrated across an international border
Asylum Seeker
Someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee
Voluntary Migration
movement in which people relocate in response to perceived opportunity; not forced.
Transnational Migration
international migration in which people retain strong cultural, emotional, & financial ties with their country of origin
a process of movement and settlement across international borders in which individuals maintain or build multiple networks of connection to their country of origin while at the same time settling in a new country" Transnational migrants work, pray, and express their political interests in several contexts rather than in a single nation-state. Some will put down roots in a host country, maintain strong homeland ties, and belong to religious and political movements that span the globe
Transhumance
A seasonal periodic movement of pastoralists and their livestock between highland and lowland pastures
Interregional Migration
Permanent movement from one region of a country to another.
Intraregional Migration
Permanent movement within one region of a country.
Chain Migration
migration of people to a specific location because relatives, friends, or members of the same nationality previously migrated there
Step Migration
a migration in which an eventual long-distance relocation is undertaken in stages... a common pattern is from a small town to larger town to a small city and finally to a large city
Guest Worker
a foreign laborer living and working temporarily in another country
Counter Urbanization
The flow of urban residents leaving cities
Brain Drain
the emigration of highly trained, skilled and/or educated people from a country.
Gravity Model
the belief in the greater pull of larger communities and the assumption that more people are likely to migrate to larger towns/cities vs small towns/cities
Remittances
Money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, often in cash, forming an important part of the economy in many poorer countries
Net-out Migration
the difference between the number of people moving into an area (a country, state, or county, for example) and the number moving out.
Net-In Migration
the difference between the number of immigrants (people coming into an area) and the number of emigrants (people leaving an area) throughout the year. When the number of immigrants is larger than the number of emigrants, a positive net migration rate occurs.
Note 
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