BIO Exam 3

BIO 152- UKY. Topics 16-21.

ATP

cells in a complex multicellular body need to produce mass amounts of ________ and most need bulk flow systems to ensure speedy change of materials.

homeostasis

cells require chemical energy to maintain ____________.

metabolism

the total collection of chemical reactions in a living organism required to maintain life.

carbohydrates, lipids

what are the most common fuel sources used to produce ATP?

phosphorylation

the addition of a phosphate group to an organism molecules

increases

phosphorylation ________ the overall energy state of the molecule/cell.

substrate-level phosphorylation

phosphorylation of ATP by an enzyme

oxidative phosphorylation

low energy free phosphate is attached via ATP synthase

ventilation

moving air or water to gas exchange organ

gas exchange

diffusion of CO@ and O2 from air to the body

circulation

transport of gas to/from body cells

cellular respiration

using oxygen and producing carbon dioxide to make ATP

c6h12o6 + 6co2 = 6co2 + 6h2o + energy

what is the cellular respiration equation?

glucose, atp

what goes into glycolysis?

pyruvate

what goes into pyruvate oxidation?

acetyl-coa

what goes into citric acid cycle?

NADH, FADH2, O2

what goes into oxidative phosphorylation step?

pyruvate, ATP, NADH

what comes out of glycolysis?

co2, nada, acetyl-coa

what comes out of pyruvate oxidation?

co2, atp, nadh, fadh2

what comes out of citric acid cycle?

water, atp

what comes out of oxidative phosphorylation step?

cytosol

where does glycolysis occur?

mitochondria

where does pyruvate oxidation occur?

mitochondrial matrix

where does citric acid cycle occur?

inner mitochondrial membrane

where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

oxidative

Oxidative or substrate-level phosphorylation: uses gradient to turn ATP synthase

substrate-level

Oxidative or substrate-level phosphorylation: transfers phosphate from a fuel source to ADP

subrate-level

Oxidative or substrate-level phosphorylation: takes place in the glucose oxidation pathway

oxidative

Oxidative or substrate-level phosphorylation: takes place in inner mitochondria membrane

NADH

___________ tranfers electrons in redox reactions.

reduction

gain of electrons, loss of O, gain of H+

oxidation

loss of electrons, gain of O, loss of H+

glucose

what molecule is oxidized in cellular respiration?

10

glycolysis is a series of _______ reactions.

glycolysis

aerobic and anaerobic reaction

8

the citric acid cycle has _______ reactions.

6, 3, 2, 4

where does C go? 1 ______C glucose; 2_______ __*C pyruvate; 2 ____*____C carbons + _____CO2; ______CO2 exit__

electron transport chain, chemiosmotic coupling

what are the two steps of oxidative phosphorylation?

electron transport chain

create H+ gradient by pumping H to one side of the inner membrane

chemiosmotic coupling

harness the movement of H+ back across the membrane to produce ATP

inter membrane space, matrix

If more H+ ions are int he intermembrane space than in the matrix, and a channel for H+ is opened, H+ ions will diffuse from __________ __to__ __________.

electrical gradient

charge of H+ causes

chemical gradient

\[H\]int vs. \[H\]matrix creates a

ATP synthase

turnstile shape, turn of rotor couples phosphate to ADP, results in ATP

oxidative

most ATP comes from ________ phosphorylation.

fermentation

when no O2 is available, NADH is recycled to NAD+

lactic acid

fermentation in animals produces…

ethanol

fermentation in yeasts and bacteria produces…

glycolysis, gives electron back to pyruvate, forms lactate (3C)

explain lactic acid fermentation

remove CO2 like pyruvate processing, gives electron back to acetyl group, forms ethanol

explain ethanol fermentation.

use cell membrane in place of mitochondria

what is different about bacterial aerobic respiration?

aerobic

when o2 is available

anaerobic

when o2 isn’t available

anabolic

the cellular respiration pathway is a ________ pathway.

total pressure = sum of components

state daltons law

partial pressure

pressure combination of one gas; percentage of total

21, 78, 0.03

in the atmosphere, oxygen is _____%, nitrogen is__ ____%, and co2 is__ ______%.

101

760 mmHg = ____kPa = 1 atm

60, 155

PO2 in the body is ______mmHg;__ _____mmHg in water

bloodstream, air

in the lungs, co2 moves from the _____ __to__ ______.

t = x^2/2D

write fisks law

diffusion

net passive movement of molecules or particles from regions of higher to regions of lower concentration

bulk transport

the movement of a mass of fluids down the pressure gradient

bulk

diffusion of bulk flow: higher hydrostatic pressure to lower hydrostatic pressure

diffusion

diffusion of bulk flow: higher concentration to lower concentration

bulk

diffusion of bulk flow: directed movement of a mixture of fluids carrying dissolved particles

diffusion

diffusion of bulk flow: random movement of particles within a fluid

diffusion

diffusion of bulk flow: effective for fats transport of molecules at short distances

bulk

effective fro fast, long distance transport

q = change in P/R

nwrite the bulk flow equati

non polar, hydrophobic

oxygen and co2 are ______ __and__ _____ molecules, making them highly permeable.

partial pressure, thickness, distance

diffusion is based on _____ __gradients, and the rate is easily influenced by__ ____ __and__ ________.

passive

diffusion is slow, but __________.

active

bulk flow is fast, but is ________.

total pressure

bulk flow rates are determined by the ________ gradients.

bulk

diffusion of bulk flow: circulates nutrients, water, and hormones very quickly

diffusion

movement of oxygen rich air to exchange surfaces to provide oxygen in all animals

diffusion

excretion of salt and waste in aquatic animals

bulk

costs body a lot of ATP to drive muscle contractions, must fight resistance

diffusion

major site of water loss in terrestrial animals and osmotic stress in aquatic animals

thin walls, large surface area

what are the 2 things needed for gas exchange?

gills

what is the gas exchange surface in aquatic animals?

emphysema

the walls between alveoli break down, making the interior surface of the lungs more smooth

chest wound

equalizes the pressure gradient between the lungs and atmosphere

pneumonia

fluid accumulating in the lungs increasing the distance between the air and the lung capillaries

pulmonary embolism

a blood clot that blocks an artery taking blood into the lungs

air

list the respiratory medium for insects

water

list the respiratory medium for sharks

water

list the respiratory medium for bony fish

air and water

list the respiratory medium for amphibians

air

list the respiratory medium for mammals

air

list the respiratory medium for birds

trachea, diffusion, muscle movement

what is the ventilation method for insects?

ram ventilation

what is the ventilation method for sharks?

operculum ventilation

what is the ventilation method for bony fish?

positive pressure ventilation

what is the ventilation method for amphibians?

negative pressure ventilation

what is the ventilation method for mammals?

one way air-flow

what is the ventilation method for birds?

trachea

what is the respiratory surface for insects?

gills

what is the respiratory surface for sharks?