WHAP- Vocab List #7

subjugated

Brought under control or domination, often through military conquest or imperial rule

supplanted

Replaced or took the place of something previously dominant, especially in political or economic systems

invasive

Describes an outside force or species that enters and disrupts an existing system or society

single-whip tax system

Ming dynasty tax reform that consolidated multiple taxes into a single annual silver payment

Manila

Spanish colonial port in the Philippines that became a major hub of Pacific trade linking Asia and the Americas

Batavia

Dutch colonial capital in Southeast Asia (modern Jakarta) that served as the center of VOC operations

Goa

Portuguese colonial port in India that functioned as a key center for trade and Christian missionary activity

Ormuz

Strategic island port controlling Persian Gulf trade routes, contested by European powers

mercantilists

Economic theorists who believed national wealth was built through state regulation, trade surpluses, and accumulation of bullion

Luzon

Major Philippine island that became central to Spanish colonial administration and trade

Francis Xavier

Jesuit missionary who worked to spread Christianity in Asia, including India and Japan

Robert di Nobili

Jesuit missionary in India who adopted local customs to promote Christianity among elites

Hongwu

Founder of the Ming dynasty who strengthened central authority and restored Confucian governance

scholar-gentry

Educated elite in China who governed through success in civil service examinations

Macao

Portuguese trading enclave on the Chinese coast used as a base for commerce and missionary work

Canton

Chinese port (Guangzhou) where European trade was restricted under the Canton System

Zheng He

Ming admiral who led large maritime expeditions to expand Chinese influence and trade

Forbidden City

Imperial palace complex in Beijing symbolizing the power and authority of the Ming and Qing emperors

Matteo Ricci

Jesuit missionary who used cultural adaptation to spread Christianity in China

Adam Schall

Jesuit astronomer and missionary who served the Qing court and helped reform the Chinese calendar

Junk

Traditional Chinese sailing ship used for trade and naval purposes

Oda Nobunaga

Japanese daimyo who began the process of unifying Japan through military conquest

Toyotomi Hideyoshi

Japanese leader who completed much of Japan’s unification and imposed social order

Tokugawa Ieyasu

Founder of the Tokugawa shogunate, establishing long-term peace and isolation in Japan

Edo

Tokugawa capital city (modern Tokyo) and center of political power in early modern Japan

daimyo

Powerful Japanese landowning nobles who controlled regional domains

Deshima

Artificial island in Nagasaki harbor where the Dutch were confined for trade with Japan

School of National Learning

Japanese intellectual movement emphasizing Shinto traditions and Japanese identity over Chinese influence

Frederick the Great

Enlightened absolutist ruler of Prussia who promoted education, religious tolerance, and military strength

Wealth of Nations

Adam Smith’s work advocating free markets, division of labor, and limited government intervention

Mary Wollstonecraft

Enlightenment thinker who argued for women’s rights and equality in education

proto-globalization

Early stage of global economic and cultural connections before modern industrial globalization

proto-industrialization

Early manufacturing system involving rural, home-based production before factory industrialization

nationalism

Ideology emphasizing loyalty, identity, and unity based on shared culture, language, or history

conservative

Political ideology favoring tradition, stability, and resistance to rapid change

liberal

Political ideology supporting individual rights, constitutional government, and political reform

radical

Political ideology advocating rapid and fundamental change to existing systems

socialism

Economic and political ideology promoting collective ownership and reduced economic inequality

Karl Marx

Socialist theorist who argued that class struggle drives historical change

revisionism

Reinterpretation of historical events that challenges traditional narratives

Toussaint L’Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution who led a successful slave revolt

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

French Revolutionary document asserting natural rights and legal equality

Napoleon Bonaparte

French military leader who rose from the Revolution and spread its ideals across Europe

Revolutions of 1848

Series of liberal and nationalist uprisings across Europe seeking political reform

Louis Pasteur

Scientist whose work on germ theory advanced modern medicine and public healt