2022 Final Review Units 1 and 2

Mecantilism

system based on exporting more than a country imports, needs colonies to supply materials and be a market for goods, colonies can only trade with parent country

Salutary Neglect

British colonial policy during the reigns of King George. Relaxed supervision colonies colonial which contributed significantly to the rise of American self government

2nd Great Awakening

Series of religious revivals starting in 1801, stressed philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for protestants. Led to many social reforms

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

Impressment

The British practice of taking American sailors from American ships and forcing them into the British navy; a factor in the War of 1812.

Boycott

A group's refusal to have commercial dealings with some organization in protest against its policies

Enlightenment

A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies. Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, contributed to many of the ideals that lead to American Independence

Isolationsim

the policy of avoiding political or military involvement with other countries

Sectionalism

Loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole

Nullification

The doctrine that a state can declare null and void a federal law that, in the state's opinion, violates the Constitution.

Nullification Crisis

A sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson , an attempt by the state of South Carolina to nullify a federal law - the tariff of 1828 - passed by the United States Congress.

Strict Interpretation of the Constitution

believed people should follow exactly what was stated and allowed in the document

Loose Interpretation of the Constitution

believed that the document permitted everything that it did not expressly forbid

Hamilton vs. Jefferson

industrial v agrarian. strong central gov. v. state power. pro british v pro french

John Locke

English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.

precedent

an example that may serve as a basis for imitation or later action - Washington set many of these

Tariff

A tax on imported goods

Articles of Confederation

1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)

Monroe Doctrine

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.

Louisiana Purchase

1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US and went against his strict interpretation of the Consitution

Trail of Tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

Farewell Address

1796 speech by Washington urging US to maintain neutrality and avoid permanent alliances with European nations and avoid sectionalism

Shay's Rebellion

Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out.

XYZ Affair

An insult to the American delegation when they were supposed to be meeting French foreign minister, Talleyrand, but instead they were sent 3 officials Adams called "X,Y, and Z" that demanded $250,000 as a bribe to see Talleyrand.

War of 1812

A war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, The war strengthened American nationalism and encouraged the growth of industry and was considered "a tie"

Alien and Sedition Acts

acts passed by federalists giving the government power to imprison or deport foreign citizens and prosecute critics of the government

Marbury v. Madison

This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review

Cotton Gin

A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 and increased the need for slaves

Proclamation of Neutrality

A formal announcement issued by President George Washington declaring the United States a neutral nation in the conflict between Great Britain and France.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Resolutions passed in 1798 that attacked the Alien and Sedition Acts as being unconstitutional

Whiskey Rebellion

1794 protest against the government's tax on whiskey by backcountry farmers, put down and proved the strength of the Federal government

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution aimed at individual rights and freedoms

Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

Adams-Otis Treaty of 1819

Spain ceded all Florida to US and gave up its claim to territory north of the 42nd parallel in Pacific NW. US gave up claims to Texas

Intolerable Acts

in response to Boston Tea Party, 4 acts passed in 1774, Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses

Stamp Act

1765; law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc.

Declaration of Independence

the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain

Common Sense

a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that criticized monarchies and convinced many American colonists of the need to break away from Britain

Washington's Farewell Address

Warned Americans not to get involved in European affairs, not to make permanent alliances, not to form political parties and to avoid sectionalism.