9. BASIC STEPS OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC INVESTIGATION

Ensure the Existence of an Epidemic

confirming that cases exceed expected levels.

Confirm the Diagnosis

ensuring reported cases represent the disease.

Estimate the Number of Cases

determining the magnitude of the problem.

Orient Data by Time, Place, and Person

organizing data to identify patterns.

Determine Population at Risk

identifying groups susceptible to disease.

Develop an Explanatory Hypothesis

proposing a cause of the outbreak.

Compare Hypothesis with Facts

assessing consistency with evidence.

Plan a Systematic Study

designing further investigations if needed.

Prepare a Written Report

documenting findings and recommendations.

Propose Control and Prevention Measures

recommending actions to manage the problem.